Understanding the physiological and molecular mechanism of salinity stress tolerance in plants

Abstract

Salinity is considered a global threat to agriculture and causes a significant reduction in crop yield. In particular, salinity stress promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and ionic imbalance in cells, leading to oxidative stress and even cell death. A large number of genes which are involved in defense, hormone, carbohydrate and metabolic pathways are down-regulated under salinity stress. Plants respond to salinity stress through a series of physiological and molecular mechanisms including antioxidant enzymes, hormones, defense related genes and signaling pathway activation. Plant defense systems modulate the overproduction of ROS through the activation of stress responsive-genes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and glutamine synthetase (GS) and transcription factors such as MYBs, WRKY, and ERF. The salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathway is potentially involved in salt stress tolerance. SOS1, SOS3 and SOS2 are required for the oxidative stress tolerance by reducing the uptakes, and inter-cellular and intra-cellular distribution of Na+ and Cl−. This review discusses the discovery of stress-responsive genes and signaling pathways, and summarizes the research progress on the regulatory mechanisms of salinity stress tolerance in plants, which will help accelerate breeding programs for salinity stress tolerance.

Synergic Effects of Salinity and Rhizoctonia solani (Kuhn) Infection on Growth and Yield Attributes of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

“…The height was measured, recorded and expressed in centimeters using transparent meter rule, likewise the leaf and tillers number were counted and expressed as numbers respectively. All vegetative growth parameters were recorded at every two weeks' interval in any case (Zhang et al, 2022).…”

“…The PL was measured using calibrated metre rule and recorded, NP and NSP were directly counted and values recorded. The SL and SD were determined using a digital caliper and expressed in millimeter, the HSW was determined using digital weighing balance (SciChem CLS501) (Zhang et al, 2022).…”

“…It is worth noting, however, that prolonged exposure ultimately weakens the capacity of the plant to withstand stress. This decline in stress tolerance can potentially be attributed to the interference caused by salinity and sheath blight disease on fundamental metabolic processes, resulting in a diminishing anabolic activity and compromised cellular formation (Anwar et al, 2022;Nawaz et al, 2022;Krishnamoorthy et al, 2022).…”

Influence of salinity of legume plants and their use for restoration of soil fertility

“…Засолення суттєво впливає на ріст і розвиток рослин, спричиняючи безліч негативних змін, зокрема, призводить до зменшення об'єму води, яка абсорбується кореневою системою, що зумовлює дефіцит поживних речовин (Nayak et al, 2020;van Zelm et al, 2020), дезорганізацію мембран, порушення клітинного поділу, синтезу білків і фотосинтетичних процесів, збільшення кількості токсичних іонів у тканинах, ферментативні розлади (Аl Hassan et al, 2016;Anwar et al, 2022;Choudhury et al, 2017;Yang & Guo, 2018;Zhao et al, 2021). Сольовий стрес спричиняє серйозний дисбаланс іонів і зміни в активності великої кількості генів, зокрема, тих, які беруть участь у регуляції синтезу хлорофілу, фотосинтетичних процесів, антиоксидантних ензимів і гормонів (Xu et al, 2022).…”

Enhancing Resistance to Salinity in Wheat by Using Streptomyces sp. HU2014

“…However, wheat cultivation is confronted by various threats including biotic and abiotic stress. Salt stress can adversely impact the cultivation and yield of wheat, resulting in water loss, nutrient deficiency, cell membrane damage, and the obstruction of metabolic pathways [7][8][9]. The possible causes of the physiological response to salt in wheat are attributed to trophic ion imbalance, the disturbance of osmoregulation ability, and a dysfunctional antioxidant system [10,11].…”