Undulator vs. optical klystron induced dynamics of a storage ring free electron laser

Effect of an axial magnetic field on electron betatron oscillations in undulator magnets

“…Random errors in undulators and their effects in the radiation spectrum with numerical results have been studied [9]. The developed numerical model by [10] includes near-field effects, the inhomogeneous broadening due to electron beam energy spread and emittance and magnetic field random magnetization errors. The numerical study also includes effects of electron beam energy spread within the framework of free electron lasers.…”