Uniformity of karyotypes in the Camelidae

Taylor, Kenneth M.; Hungerford, David A.; Snyder, Robert L.; Ulmer, Frederick A.

doi:10.1159/000129967

Cited by 41 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…The synteny between the Bactrian camel and cattle genomes observed in the present study is greater than that reported previously 3 . Our study supports the notion that divergent evolution in Camelidae occurred through single gene mutations or minor chromosomal rearrangements 5 . We estimated the segmental duplication of these three individuals: the total length of segmental duplication in both the Bactrian camel and dromedary was 26 Mb, smaller than that of the alpaca (36 Mb) (Supplementary Table 15).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Camelid genomes reveal evolution and adaptation to desert environments

et al. 2014

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Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) and alpaca (Vicugna pacos) are economically important livestock. Although the Bactrian camel and dromedary are large, typically arid-desert-adapted mammals, alpacas are adapted to plateaus. Here we present high-quality genome sequences of these three species. Our analysis reveals the demographic history of these species since the Tortonian Stage of the Miocene and uncovers a striking correlation between large fluctuations in population size and geological time boundaries. Comparative genomic analysis reveals complex features related to desert adaptations, including fat and water metabolism, stress responses to heat, aridity, intense ultraviolet radiation and choking dust. Transcriptomic analysis of Bactrian camels further reveals unique osmoregulation, osmoprotection and compensatory mechanisms for water reservation underpinned by high blood glucose levels. We hypothesize that these physiological mechanisms represent kidney evolutionary adaptations to the desert environment. This study advances our understanding of camelid evolution and the adaptation of camels to arid-desert environments.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Camelid genomes reveal evolution and adaptation to desert environments

et al. 2014

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“…Other cytogenetic studies on the members of this family found a diploid number of 74 in guanaco, bactrian and dromedary (Taylor et al, 1968) as well as in vicuna and bactrian (Koulischer et al, 1971); they also indicated extensive similarities in the karyotypes of these species, thus suggesting that all members of the family, including the alpaca, would have the same basic karyotype. However, discrepancies were found in the proportion of the various types of chromosomes, including the sex chromosomes.…”

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confidence: 87%

Cytogenetic characterization of alpaca (<i>Lama pacos</i>, fam. Camelidae) prometaphase chromosomes

Berardino

Nicodemo

Coppola

et al. 2006

Cytogenet Genome Res

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The present study provides specific cytogenetic information on prometaphase chromosomes of the alpaca (Lama pacos, fam. Camelidae, 2n = 74) that forms a basis for future work on karyotype standardization and gene mapping of the species, as well as for comparative studies and future genetic improvement programs within the family Camelidae. Based on the centromeric index (CI) measurements, alpaca chromosomes have been classified into four groups: group A, subtelocentrics, from pair 1 to 10; group B, telocentrics, from pair 11 to 20; group C, submetacentrics, from pair 21 to 29; group D, metacentrics, from pair 30 to 36 plus sex chromosomes. For each chromosome pair, the following data are provided: relative chromosome length, centromeric index, conventional Giemsa staining, sequential QFQ/C-banding, GTG- and RBG-banding patterns with corresponding ideograms, RBA-banding and sequential RBA/silver staining for NOR localization. The overall number of RBG-bands revealed was 391. Nucleolus organizer-bearing chromosomes were identified as pairs 6, 28, 31, 32, 33 and 34. Comparative ZOO-FISH analysis with camel (Camelus dromedarius) X and Y painting probes was also carried out to validate X-Y chromosome identification of alpaca and to confirm close homologies between the sex chromosomes of these two species.

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“…Los camélidos del Viejo y Nuevo Mundo presentan un cariotipo muy conservado, 2n = 74 (Taylor et al 1968;Koulischer et al 1971), con patrones de bandas G y C aparentemente muy similares (Bunch et al 1985), siendo capaces de cruzarse y producir descendencia fértil bajo influencia humana. Algunos intentos por establecer relaciones de parentesco usando métodos inmunogenéticos (Penedo et al 1988) han fallado también.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Sistemática, taxonomía y domesticación de alpacas y llamas: nueva evidencia cromosómica y molecular

Marín

Zapata

González

et al. 2007

Rev. chil. hist. nat.

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RESUMENExisten cuatro especies de camélidos sudamericanos, dos de ellos silvestres, guanaco (Lama guanicoe) y vicuña (Vicugna vicugna), y dos formas domésticas, alpaca (Lama pacos) y llama (Lama glama), cuyo origen ha sido objeto de debate. En el presente estudio la variación en el patrón de bandas G de los cromosomas de llamas y alpacas y la secuencia de dos genes mitocondriales han sido usados para estudiar el origen y la clasificación de llamas y alpacas. Patrones de bandas cromosómicas similares fueron observados en las cuatro especies de Lamini, incluso similares a los descritos para camello, Camelus bactrianus. Sin embargo, se encontraron finas y consistentes diferencias en los brazos cortos del cromosoma 1, permitiendo separar a camellos, guanacos y llamas, de las de vicuñas y alpacas. Este patrón fue consistente incluso en un híbrido guanaco x alpaca. Relaciones equivalentes fueron encontradas en las secuencias completas del gen para citocromo b, así como en el árbol de expansión mínima de las secuencias parciales de la región control, agrupando a guanacos con llamas y a vicuñas con alpacas. Los análisis filogenéticos mostraron a V. vicugna y a L. guanicoe como grupos recíprocamente monofiléticos. El análisis de las secuencias de ambos genes mostró dos clados entre las vicuñas, concordantes con las subespecies reconocidas para esta especie, pero los resultados obtenidos para guanacos no reflejaron la existencia de las cuatro subespecies previamente propuestas. El análisis combinado de variaciones cromosómicas y moleculares demostraron una alta similitud genética entre alpacas y vicuñas, así como entre llamas y guanacos. Aunque se revela hibridización direccional, nuestros resultados apoyan fuertemente la hipótesis de que la llama se deriva de L. guanicoe, y la alpaca de V. vicugna, apoyando la reclasificación de la alpaca como V. pacos.Palabras clave: Camelidae, Lama pacos, Vicugna pacos, Lama glama, cromosomas, citocromo b, d-loop. ABSTRACTFour camelid species exist in South America: two wild, the guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and the vicuña (Vicugna vicugna), and two domestic, the alpaca (Lama pacos) and the llama (Lama glama). However, the origin of the domestic species has been a matter of debate. In the present study, variations in chromosome G banding patterns and in two mitochondrial gene sequences have been used to study the origin and classification of the llama and alpaca. Similar patterns in chromosome G band structure were observed in all four Lamini species, and these in turn were similar to the bands described for camels, Camelus bactrianus. However, fine and consistent differences were found in the short arms of chromosome 1, separating camels, guanacos and llamas from vicuñas and alpacas. This pattern was consistent even in a hybrid guanaco x alpaca. Equivalent relationship

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Uniformity of karyotypes in the Camelidae

Cited by 41 publications

References 0 publications

Camelid genomes reveal evolution and adaptation to desert environments

Camelid genomes reveal evolution and adaptation to desert environments

Cytogenetic characterization of alpaca (<i>Lama pacos</i>, fam. Camelidae) prometaphase chromosomes

Sistemática, taxonomía y domesticación de alpacas y llamas: nueva evidencia cromosómica y molecular

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