Unlocking pseudocapacitors prolonged electrode fabrication via ultra-short laser pulses and machine learning

Optimizing the Ultrashort Laser Pulses for In Situ Nanostructure Generation Technique for High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes Using Artificial Neural Networks and Simulated Annealing Algorithms

“…The laser beam diameter was reduced to 6 mm and focused on an XY galvanometer scanner to achieve a theoretical laser spot diameter of 20 μm using an F-theta lens with specified parameters . Laser patterning parameters such as scanning speed and pitch were determined using the CAD software Marking Mate 2.7 . The experiment involved the fabrication of 31 distinct electrodes using a constant pitch pattern and varying parameters such as laser power, frequency, pulse duration, and scan speed …”

“…GCD experiments were performed at potentials ranging from −0.8 to 0.8 V and current densities from 0.25 mA/cm 2 . These tests were performed to assess the effectiveness of the fabrication method that utilized laser irradiation and ablation to create the oxide layer …”

“…Finally, we repeated the testing process 31 times, with each electrode serving as the base and top electrode at different times. This resulted in a total of 496 electrode sets, which were assembled and subjected to consistent CV, GCD, and EIS setup configurations . Our aim was to generate a large and diverse dataset that can be used to train and validate ML models for better performance and prediction accuracy.…”

“…It is important to mention that the specific areal capacitance of each sample can be computed from the GCD curve using the following equation ,29 ; C A = J × normalΔ t normalΔ V , where 0.25em J = i A where J is the areal current density (0.25 mA cm –2 ), Δ t is the discharge time from fully charged (0.8 V) to fully discharged (−0.8 V), and Δ V is the stable potential window …”

“…In the first phase, 31 electrodes with distinct T3DN structural characteristics were fabricated by varying 31 different laser parameters, including frequency, power, pulse duration, and scanning speed. These electrodes were used to prototype 496-coin cells, with each electrode paired individually to create a mix-and-match matrix . To investigate the effect of laser parameter variation on T3DN properties, the prototyped coin cells were analyzed through various characterization techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).…”