Unobtrusive Measures

Bouchard, JR Thomas J.

doi:10.1177/004912417600400301

Cited by 110 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…Frequently, a distinction is made between laboratory and field research settings (e.g., Bouchard, 1976;Cook & Campbell, 1976Cook et al, 1990;Fromkin & Streufert, 1976;Kerlinger & Lee, 2000;Locke, 1986;E. F. Stone, 1978).…”

Section: The Often Inappropriate Laboratory Versus Field Distinctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research strategies in industrial and organizational psychology: Nonexperimental, quasi-experimental, and randomized experimental research in special purpose and nonspecial purpose settings.

Stone‐Romero

2011

APA Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol 1: Building and Developing the Organization.

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Section: The Often Inappropriate Laboratory Versus Field Distinctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research strategies in industrial and organizational psychology: Nonexperimental, quasi-experimental, and randomized experimental research in special purpose and nonspecial purpose settings.

Stone‐Romero

2011

APA Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol 1: Building and Developing the Organization.

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“…Participant observation was conducted to obtain first-hand information on the mediation processes at the three canteens. This observation offers an advantage on providing accurate data, as the information is gathered from the inside (participant) and outside (observer) perspectives (Bouchard, 1976). The observation took place from August to September 2018.…”

Section: Methodological Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Addressing plate waste and consumption practice at university canteens: realizing green university through citizen-consumers

Thongplew

Duangput

Khodkham

2021

IJSHE

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Purpose This study aims to explore ways to minimize plate waste at university canteens by studying plate waste and consumers at three main canteens of a university, Thailand. Design/methodology/approach Using university canteens in Thailand as a case, plate waste was characterized and quantified and consumers’ insights concerning food consumption practices were examined through focus group discussion. Findings The results revealed that each consumer wasted edible food around 19 grams/meal. The generation of plate waste is affected by the food provision system, including canteen setting, food purchasing procedure and food quality. In addition, the presence of stray dogs in the canteens inhibited consumers from finishing up their food. Thus, improving the food provision system is crucial to engage consumers in achieving zero plate waste. Originality/value This research sheds some light on ways to engage consumers in sustainable consumption and contributes to the knowledge on plate waste and sustainable consumption in university settings. Improving food quality and canteen settings are of importance to better engage consumers. In addition, this research revealed that concepts of system of provision and citizen-consumers are practical to analyze sustainable transformations for green university initiatives.

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“…71 Convergence of findings stemming from two or more methods is said to 'enhance our belief that the results are valid and not a methodological artefact' (p. 268). 72 Indeed, Boring 73 argues that 'As long as a new construct has only a single operational definition, it is just a construct. When it gets two or more operational definitions, it is beginning to be validated' (p. 182).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contracting with General Dental Services: a mixed-methods study on factors influencing responses to contracts in English general dental practice

Harris

Perkins

Holt

et al. 2015

Health Serv Deliv Res

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BackgroundIndependent contractor status of NHS general dental practitioners (GDPs) and general medical practitioners (GMPs) has meant that both groups have commercial as well as professional identities. Their relationship with the state is governed by a NHS contract, the terms of which have been the focus of much negotiation and struggle in recent years. Previous study of dental contracting has taken a classical economics perspective, viewing practitioners’ behaviour as a fully rational search for contract loopholes. We apply institutional theory to this context for the first time, where individuals’ behaviour is understood as being influenced by wider institutional forces such as growing consumer demands, commercial pressures and challenges to medical professionalism. Practitioners hold values and beliefs, and carry out routines and practices which are consistent with the field’s institutional logics. By identifying institutional logics in the dental practice organisational field, we expose where tensions exist, helping to explain why contracting appears as a continual cycle of reform and resistance.AimsTo identify the factors which facilitate and hinder the use of contractual processes to manage and strategically develop General Dental Services, using a comparison with medical practice to highlight factors which are particular to NHS dental practice.MethodsFollowing a systematic review of health-care contracting theory and interviews with stakeholders, we undertook case studies of 16 dental and six medical practices. Case study data collection involved interviews, observation and documentary evidence; 120 interviews were undertaken in all. We tested and refined our findings using a questionnaire to GDPs and further interviews with commissioners.ResultsWe found that, for all three sets of actors (GDPs, GMPs, commissioners), multiple logics exist. These were interacting and sometimes in competition. We found an emergent logic of population health managerialism in dental practice, which is less compatible than the other dental practice logics of ownership responsibility, professional clinical values and entrepreneurialism. This was in contrast to medical practice, where we found a more ready acceptance of external accountability and notions of the delivery of ‘cost-effective’ care. Our quantitative work enabled us to refine and test our conceptualisations of dental practice logics. We identified that population health managerialism comprised both a logic of managerialism and a public goods logic, and that practitioners might be resistant to one and not the other. We also linked individual practitioners’ behaviour to wider institutional forces by showing that logics were predictive of responses to NHS dental contracts at the dental chair-side (the micro level), as well as predictive of approaches to wider contractual relationships with commissioners (the macro level).ConclusionsResponses to contracts can be shaped by environmental forces and not just determined at the level of the individual. In NHS medical practice, goals are more closely aligned with commissioning goals than in general dental practice. The optimal contractual agreement between GDPs and commissioners, therefore, will be one which aims at the ‘satisfactory’ rather than the ‘ideal’; and a ‘successful’ NHS dental contract is likely to be one where neither party promotes its self-interest above the other. Future work on opportunism in health care should widen its focus beyond the self-interest of providers and look at the contribution of contextual factors such as the relationship between the government and professional bodies, the role of the media, and providers’ social and professional networks.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme.

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Unobtrusive Measures

Cited by 110 publications

References 115 publications

Research strategies in industrial and organizational psychology: Nonexperimental, quasi-experimental, and randomized experimental research in special purpose and nonspecial purpose settings.

Research strategies in industrial and organizational psychology: Nonexperimental, quasi-experimental, and randomized experimental research in special purpose and nonspecial purpose settings.

Addressing plate waste and consumption practice at university canteens: realizing green university through citizen-consumers

Contracting with General Dental Services: a mixed-methods study on factors influencing responses to contracts in English general dental practice

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