Unpacking the determinants of entrepreneurship development and economic empowerment for women in Kenya

McKenzie, David; Puerto, Susana; Odhiambo, Frank

doi:10.23846/ow4ie95

Cited by 3 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…The qualitative evidence indicated a consistent theme of women preferring single‐sex TVET programme approaches (Bandiera et al, 2018; Mckenzie et al, 2019; Stangl et al, 2015; Subah‐Belleh Associates, 2010). All three included interventions—the Economic Empowerment of Adolescent Girls and Young Women (EPAG), the Empowerment and Livelihood for Adolescents (ELA) programme in Sierra Leone, and the GET Ahead for Women in Enterprise in Kenya were designed to only include women participants and men were not eligible for participation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Mckenzie and colleague's (2019) experimental study in Kenya was the only study evaluating the impact of TVET on women being more engaged in micro, small and medium‐sized enterprises. Their report examined how many women were talking about their businesses, providing impact estimates at both the 12‐ and 36‐month follow‐up periods.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The qualitative evidence indicated a consistent theme of women preferring single-sex TVET programme approaches (Bandiera et al, 2018;Mckenzie et al, 2019;Stangl et al, 2015;Subah-Belleh Associates, 2010).…”

Section: Qualitative Findingsmentioning

confidence: 88%

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Strengthening women's empowerment and gender equality in fragile contexts towards peaceful and inclusive societies: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Lwamba¹,

Shisler²,

Ridlehoover³

et al. 2022

Campbell Systematic Reviews

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Background Across the globe, gender disparities still exist with regard to equitable access to resources, participation in decision‐making processes, and gender and sexual‐based violence. This is particularly true in fragile and conflict‐affected settings, where women and girls are affected by both fragility and conflict in unique ways. While women have been acknowledged as key actors in peace processes and post‐conflict reconstruction (e.g., through the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 and the Women, Peace and Security Agenda) evidence on the effectiveness of gender‐specific and gender‐transformative interventions to improve women's empowerment in fragile and conflict‐affected states and situations (FCAS) remains understudied. Objectives The purpose of this review was to synthesize the body of evidence around gender‐specific and gender‐transformative interventions aimed at improving women's empowerment in fragile and conflict‐affected settings with high levels of gender inequality. We also aimed to identify barriers and facilitators that could affect the effectiveness of these interventions and to provide implications for policy, practice and research designs within the field of transitional aid. Methods We searched for and screened over 100,000 experimental and quasi‐experimental studies focused on FCAS at the individual and community levels. We used standard methodological procedures outlined by the Campbell Collaboration for the data collection and analysis, including quantitative and qualitative analyses, and completed the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) methodology to assess the certainty around each body of evidence. Results We identified 104 impact evaluations (75% randomised controlled trials) assessing the effects of 14 different types of interventions in FCAS. About 28% of included studies were assessed as having a high risk of bias (45% among quasi‐experimental designs). Interventions supporting women's empowerment and gender equality in FCAS produced positive effects on the outcomes related to the primary focus of the intervention. There are no significant negative effects of any included interventions. However, we observe smaller effects on behavioural outcomes further along the causal chain of empowerment. Qualitative syntheses indicated that gender norms and practices are potential barriers to intervention effectiveness, while working with local powers and institutions can facilitate the uptake and legitimacy of interventions. Conclusions We observe gaps of rigorous evidence in certain regions (notably MENA and Latin America) and in interventions specifically targeting women as actors of peacebuilding. Gender norms and practices are important elements to consider in programme design and implementation to maximise potential benefits: focusing on empowerment only might not be enough in the absence of targeting the restrictive gender norms and practices that may undermine intervention effectiveness. Lastly, programme designers and im...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Strengthening women's empowerment and gender equality in fragile contexts towards peaceful and inclusive societies: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Lwamba¹,

Shisler²,

Ridlehoover³

et al. 2022

Campbell Systematic Reviews

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…We found that about 6 per cent of women who participated in the survey had engaged in some type of e‐commerce. Assuming 150 (146, allowing for likely attrition) businesses per arm, the minimum detectable effect size (MDES) was 0.0785 when calculated with a standard deviation of 0.2336, significance level 0.05, and power of 0.8; the MDES for recent studies on similar topics is about 0.1 (see Giné & Mansuri, 2021; McKenzie et al., 2019). However, we acknowledge that our small sample size limits the power of this analysis to detect small effect sizes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Willingness of women‐led businesses in Pakistan to join formal e‐commerce platforms

Hasan

Khan

Arif

2022

Asia & Pacific Policy Stud

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An equitable distribution of economic benefits from the recent growth of e‐commerce in Pakistan requires inclusive adoption of formal digital marketplaces. The available literature and focused discussions reveal that most women‐led businesses rely on informal e‐commerce managed through social media applications and have incomplete and often incorrect information on the benefits and choices related to the formal platforms. To inform and motivate women‐led micro, small and medium enterprises, this study deploys an information treatment through a randomised control trial of 300 women entrepreneurs in large urban centres of Pakistan. Results show that women entrepreneurs were responsive to the information, as the treated businesses were 10 percentage points more likely to opt for formal e‐commerce than the control group. The study is policy relevant as the methodology allows simple and inexpensive replication to scale up the treatment for better business growth for women entrepreneurs in Pakistan.

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“…Impact evaluations employ different methods to estimate a valid counterfactual, including randomized assignment [21], regression discontinuity [22], difference-in-difference [23], and matching [24]. Given a sufficiently large sample, randomized assignment ensures that the treatment and control groups are statistically identical in both observed and unobserved characteristics [25]. Regression discontinuity design is an option when a continuous scale (e.g., poverty index, and farm size) is used to determine program eligibility, and a unique cutoff score determines who receives the program [26].…”

Section: Literature Review and State Of The Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating Resilience-Centered Development Interventions with Remote Sensing

Kerle

Ghaffarian

Nawrotzki³

et al. 2019

Remote Sensing

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Natural disasters are projected to increase in number and severity, in part due to climate change. At the same time a growing number of disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation measures are being implemented by governmental and non-governmental organizations, and substantial post-disaster donations are frequently pledged. At the same time there has been increasing demand for transparency and accountability, and thus evidence of those measures having a positive effect. We hypothesized that resilience-enhancing interventions should result in less damage during a hazard event, or at least quicker recovery. In this study we assessed recovery over a 3 year period of seven municipalities in the central Philippines devastated by Typhoon Haiyan in 2013. We used very high resolution optical images (<1 m), and created detailed land cover and land use maps for four epochs before and after the event, using a machine learning approach with extreme gradient boosting. The spatially and temporally highly variable recovery maps were then statistically related to detailed questionnaire data acquired by DEval in 2012 and 2016, whose principal aim was to assess the impact of a 10 year land-planning intervention program by the German agency for technical cooperation (GIZ). The survey data allowed very detailed insights into DRR-related perspectives, motivations and drivers of the affected population. To some extent they also helped to overcome the principal limitation of remote sensing, which can effectively describe but not explain the reasons for differential recovery. However, while a number of causal links between intervention parameters and reconstruction was found, the common notion that a resilient community should recover better and more quickly could not be confirmed. The study also revealed a number of methodological limitations, such as the high cost for commercial image data not matching the spatially extensive but also detailed scale of field evaluations, the remote sensing analysis likely overestimating damage and thus providing incorrect recovery metrics, and image data catalogues especially for more remote communities often being incomplete. Nevertheless, the study provides a valuable proof of concept for the synergies resulting from an integration of socio-economic survey data and remote sensing imagery for recovery assessment.

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Unpacking the determinants of entrepreneurship development and economic empowerment for women in Kenya

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Strengthening women's empowerment and gender equality in fragile contexts towards peaceful and inclusive societies: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Strengthening women's empowerment and gender equality in fragile contexts towards peaceful and inclusive societies: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Willingness of women‐led businesses in Pakistan to join formal e‐commerce platforms

Evaluating Resilience-Centered Development Interventions with Remote Sensing

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