“…By examining and interpreting power grid data, artificial intelligence (AI) technology can enhance the intelligent management of power grids, thus reducing energy consumption and environmental pollution (Cai et al, 2022;Tang et al, 2022;Wu et al, 2023). The hybridcascaded high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission technique can effectively reduce power transmission losses, and a combination of the two can boost further the energy utilization efficiency and intelligence of the power grid (Tang et al, 2021;Dong et al, 2023;Liang et al, 2023). In China, the energy distribution is opposite with respect to the center, with bounteous renewable energy sources in the west and developed economies and highenergy demand in the east, and HVDC has numerous potential applications as an important means of large-scale energy transfer.…”