Unveiling the Unexplored and Critically Endangered Ilex khasiana for its Antioxidant Properties

Lalnunfela, Charles; Lalremsanga, Hmar Tlawmte; Lalhriatpuii, TC; Lalnunzira, David; Lalchhandama, Kholhring

doi:10.18311/jnr/2019/23671

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The plant specimen was authenticated at the Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Circle, Shillong, Meghalaya, Pharmacognosy Journal, Vol 12, Issue 4, July-Aug, 2020 as reported earlier. 18 The herbarium is catalogued with an accession number BSI/EC/Tech./2008/577 in the Department of Pharmacy, Regional Institute of Paramedical and Nursing Sciences, Zemabawk, Mizoram, India.…”

Section: Plant Specimen and Preparation Of Plant Extractmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Endangered Medicinal Plant, Ilex khasiana Exhibits Potent Antiparasitic Activity Against Intestinal Tapeworm

Lalnunfela¹,

Lalthanpuii²,

Lalhriatpuii³

et al. 2020

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Background: A species of holly, Ilex khasiana Purk. (family Aquifoliaceae) is one of a few critically endangered medicinal plants in India. It is endemic to Khasi Hills, Meghalaya, and Aizawl, Mizoram. In the traditional medicines of Khasi and Mizo people, the leaves are used as a panacea for all sorts of infections. Nothing is known about its true pharmacological potentials. Objective: We aimed to assess the extract of I. khasiana leaves for its purported antiparasitic property. To test the antiparasitic activity, we collected intestinal tapeworms, Raillietina tetragona. Materials and Methods: I. khasiana leaves were dried and extracted in methanol. The plant extract was used to treat the tapeworms at different concentrations. The efficacy was recorded as survival values and were analysed by Student's t-test. The plant extracttreated tapeworms were fixed, dehydrated and observed under scanning electron microscopy for studying the structural details. Results: The methanol extract of I. khasiana leaf showed dose-dependent antiparasitic effect as that of albendazole. The treated tapeworms developed massive structural damages. The scolex was deformed, with its tegument extensively damaged. The suckers had their spines clumped. The body segments severely contracted and some portions were eroded. Hair-like microtriches were completely lost. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that I. khasiana has antiparasitic activity and requires further investigations, and that there is a need to foster its conservation and propagation.

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Section: Plant Specimen and Preparation Of Plant Extractmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, the Mizo traditional practitioners use them as a panacea in all sorts of non-specific illnesses. 18 It is therefore important to understand the true pharmacological potentials of this plant as an antiparasitic agent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Endangered Medicinal Plant, Ilex khasiana Exhibits Potent Antiparasitic Activity Against Intestinal Tapeworm

Lalnunfela¹,

Lalthanpuii²,

Lalhriatpuii³

et al. 2020

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Characterisation of Bioactive Compounds and In Vitro Anticancer and Anthelmintic Activities of Ilex khasiana, an Endangered Species of Holly From Mizoram, India

Lalnunfela,

Lalthanpuii,

Lalremsanga

et al. 2024

Scientifica

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Ilex khasiana Purkay. is a critically endangered species of holly found only in Khasi Hills and Mizoram, Northeast India. Of its several medicinal uses in the Khasi and Mizo traditional systems, the anticancer and anthelmintic applications remain unexplored. A methanol extract (IKM) and three fractions, namely, butanol (IKM‐B), diethyl ether (IKM‐D) and hexane (IKM‐H) extracts were prepared from the leaves. Cytotoxicity tests were performed in vitro on malignant human alveolar adenocarcinoma (A549) and human colorectal carcinoma (HCT116) cell lines using the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction reaction. All the extracts exerted inhibitory efficacy in the order, IKM‐D > IKM‐B > IKM > IKM‐H. IKM‐D was the most efficacious extract exhibiting the half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 26.9, 64.04 and 28.61 μg/mL against A549 cells, and 22.77, 69.41 and 18.37 μg/mL against HCT116 cells at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. The most bioactive extract, IKM‐D, was used for further anticancer tests. It induced apoptosis as indicated by red fluorescence in the dead cells. The apoptotic index values were determined at 33.5, 55.18 and 57.62 in A549 cells, and 32.47, 54.29 and 62.55 in HCT166 cells at the corresponding concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL. It also caused significant clonogenicity by repressing cancer proliferation, but only at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. Surviving fractions of the cancer cells following extract treatment at 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL were 52.16%, 47.56% and 21.77% for A549 cells, and 52.56%, 48.12% and 8.42% for HCT116 cells. The plant extract also caused concentration‐dependent inhibition of colony formation against both cell lines. Anthelmintic activity was demonstrated in an intestinal cestode, Raillietina galli. Scanning electron microscopy revealed hallmark anthelmintic alterations on the body parts of the parasite. The GC‐MS analysis showed that the plant extract is mainly composed of a phenol, 2,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenol. High‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting and quantification indicated the presence of β‐sitosterol at an amount of 198.68 ng. The two compounds were predicted by computational modelling to have high binding potentiality on β‐tubulin, a common anticancer and anthelmintic target. The findings established that I. khasiana leaves contain bioactive principles that caused inhibitory effects on carcinoma cells and produced anthelmintic effects on cestode parasite. The study advocates further investigations into the identification of the exact molecules, the precise mode of actions and therapeutic tests, as well as the need for conservation of the rare species of holly.

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Unveiling the Unexplored and Critically Endangered Ilex khasiana for its Antioxidant Properties

Cited by 2 publications

References 41 publications

An Endangered Medicinal Plant, Ilex khasiana Exhibits Potent Antiparasitic Activity Against Intestinal Tapeworm

An Endangered Medicinal Plant, Ilex khasiana Exhibits Potent Antiparasitic Activity Against Intestinal Tapeworm

Characterisation of Bioactive Compounds and In Vitro Anticancer and Anthelmintic Activities of Ilex khasiana, an Endangered Species of Holly From Mizoram, India

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