Update on mucormycosis pathogenesis

Ibrahim, Ashraf S.; Kontoyiannis, Dimitrios P.

doi:10.1097/qco.0000000000000008

Cited by 119 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(73 reference statements)

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“…Diabetics also have poor iron metabolism 16. Iron overload is a risk factor for mucormycosis infection and patients with iron overload (haemochromatosis) or who are treated with iron chelating agents such as deferoxamine are at higher risk of developing invasive fungal infections 18 19. Patients with diabetes as their only risk factor fared better than patients with other immunocompromising conditions (40% mortality).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Invasive fungal disease of the sinus and orbit: a comparison between mucormycosis andAspergillus

et al. 2015

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Patients with orbital fungal infections are more likely to be infected with mucormycosis compared with Aspergillus and have a higher mortality compared with infections sparing the orbit. History of transplant portends a dismal prognosis in orbital infections. Invasive fungal disease should be considered in any immunocompromised patient presenting with a new cranial neuropathy or ocular motility abnormality.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Liposomal amphotericin appears to be superior to amphotericin B deoxycholate in the treatment of mucormycosis 18. We recommend that if there is suspicion for IFS, systemic amphotericin be administered empirically (prior to tissue diagnosis) in consultation with infectious disease specialists.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invasive fungal disease of the sinus and orbit: a comparison between mucormycosis andAspergillus

et al. 2015

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“…Most members of the Mucorales are thermotolerant saprotrophs and are common worldwide in soil and in decaying matter. Mucormycosis, an infection caused by fungi of the order Mucorales, is an uncommon yet often deadly infection in immunocompromised patients (11). It is noteworthy that zygomycetes are the only members of the fungal kingdom whose cell wall is composed primarily of chitin (12), which is susceptible to enzymatic breakdown by chitinases secreted by S. marcescens (10).…”

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confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Bacterial (Serratia marcescens) Attachment to, Migration along, and Killing of Fungal Hyphae

Hover

Maya

Ron

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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We have found a remarkable capacity for the ubiquitous Gram-negative rod bacterium Serratia marcescens to migrate along and kill the mycelia of zygomycete molds. This migration was restricted to zygomycete molds and several basidiomycete species. No migration was seen on any molds of the phylum Ascomycota. S. marcescens migration did not require fungal viability or surrounding growth medium, as bacteria migrated along aerial hyphae as well. S. marcescens did not exhibit growth tropism toward zygomycete mycelium. Bacterial migration along hyphae proceeded only when the hyphae grew into the bacterial colony. S. marcescens cells initially migrated along the hyphae, forming attached microcolonies that grew and coalesced to generate a biofilm that covered and killed the mycelium. Flagellum-defective strains of S. marcescens were able to migrate along zygomycete hyphae, although they were significantly slower than the wild-type strain and were delayed in fungal killing. Bacterial attachment to the mycelium does not necessitate type 1 fimbrial adhesion, since mutants defective in this adhesin migrated equally well as or faster than the wild-type strain. Killing does not depend on the secretion of S. marcescens chitinases, as mutants in which all three chitinase genes were deleted retained wild-type killing abilities. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which S. marcescens binds to, spreads on, and kills fungal hyphae might serve as an excellent model system for such interactions in general; fungal killing could be employed in agricultural fungal biocontrol.

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“…Moreover, the use of voriconazole as a prophylaxis or for treatment of aspergillosis represents a risk factor for zygomycosis, because Zygomycetes are intrinsically resistant to this antifungal drug [177][178][179].…”

Section: Cryptococcosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on Fungal Disease: From Establish Infection to Clinical Manifestation

Melo¹,

Scorzoni²,

Rossi³

et al. 2017

J Biotechnol Biomater

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Fungal diseases have emerged as an important cause of morbidity and mortality, especially among immunocompromised patients. Pathogenic fungi have evolved an array of virulence factors to survive within the host and to outwit immune defenses. Fungi may cause a wide range of diseases in humans that range in extent from superficial to disseminated infections. Generally, the site of infections classifies the type of fungal disease, which can be divided into superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous and systemic. In addition, the fungal virulence factors determine whether the infection will become established in the host. A primary pathogen may infect an immunologically normal host, whereas, an opportunistic pathogen requires some compromise of the host immune defenses in order for the infection to become established. This article covers the main fungi that are responsible for the increase of the fungal infections.Keywords: Fungal infections; Virulence; Yeast; Opportunistic infections; Endemic mycosis Fungal InfectionsFungal diseases have changed constantly in the last years. The virulence of these microorganisms has been adapted according to the human host, promoting a range of clinical manifestation. Several are the ways by which fungi promote a disease depending on human body part involved by the microorganism and the immunologic system of the host [1].In this review, we discuss the main fungal pathogens responsible for causing several diseases, highlighting on their virulence associate to clinical manifestation and the difficulty to accomplish the treatment. Superficial and cutaneous fungal diseasesSuperficial and cutaneous fungal infections are very common and occur worldwide affecting millions of people, especially immunocompromised patients. The most common types of these infections are dermatophytosis (tinea or ringworm), pityriasis versicolor (formerly tinea versicolor) and candidiasis (moniliasis). These occur by fungal invasion into the skin, keratinized tissues and mucous membranes [2]. Trichosporon and Fusarium species also cause superficial fungal infection, but also may be considered an invasive pathogen that may cause a systemic infection [3,4].Dermatophytosis: Dermatophytes are fungi that invade keratinized structures of humans and animals producing a condition called dermatophytosis or, more commonly, tinea [5,6]. These fungi belong to three main genera Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton, of these T. rubrum is the most prevalent species worldwide [7,8]. The mechanisms of pathogenicity of these fungi are not yet well understood. There are several studies focusing on keratinolytic proteases (keratinases) produced by dermatophytes, but it is not known how these fungi regulate the use of these proteases to obtain nutrients from the stratum corneum substrate they invade, and whether there are additional roles of these proteins in adhesion and immunomodulation [9].To establish the infection, the contact of arthroconidia or hyphal fragmens with the host skin is essential. The fungi express spe...

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Update on mucormycosis pathogenesis

Cited by 119 publications

References 51 publications

Invasive fungal disease of the sinus and orbit: a comparison between mucormycosis andAspergillus

Invasive fungal disease of the sinus and orbit: a comparison between mucormycosis andAspergillus

Mechanisms of Bacterial (Serratia marcescens) Attachment to, Migration along, and Killing of Fungal Hyphae

Update on Fungal Disease: From Establish Infection to Clinical Manifestation

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