Update on mucous membrane pemphigoidA heterogeneous immune-mediated subepithelial blistering entity

Desquamative gingivitis: A sign of mucocutaneous disorders‐a review

“…In recent years detailed characterization of the various target antigens have been made and subsets of pemphigoid subsequently identified. [34][35][36] Mucous membrane pemphigoid chiefly affects the oral cavity, larynx, oesophagus and ocular membranes but rarely the skin. Females in their sixth decade tend to be afflicted more commonly but males and patients in other age groups can be affected as well.…”

“…33 Less commonly, strictures may form in the larynx, oesophagus and genital mucosa with serious complications. [35][36][37][38] The diagnosis of MMP depends on taking a careful clinical history and performing a thorough clinical examination. The gingiva can be the only site of involvement in MMP and this frequently results in delayed diagnosis as the patient is put through repeated sessions of periodontal therapy and/or prescribed various antimicrobials.…”

“…43,44 To summarize the histological features of MMP are: subepithelial bulla formation; no acantholysis; chronic inflammatory infiltrate in the lamina propria; and linear deposition of IgG, IgA or C3 along the basement membrane. 33,35,36,45 Once a diagnosis of MMP is made, an ophthalmologic opinion should be sought even if patients do not complain of eye symptoms. Ocular symptoms can be mild initially and then presents as chronic conjunctivitis before more serious scarring takes place.…”

“…If other mucosal sites or the skin is involved then more potent medication such as systemic corticosteroids, azathioprine, sulphapyridine or dapsone is used. 33,35,38,47 …”

A Spontaneous Canine Model of Mucous Membrane (Cicatricial) Pemphigoid, an Autoimmune Blistering Disease Affecting Mucosae and Mucocutaneous Junctions

“…Indeed, vesicular and erosive lesions of CP exhibit a marked predilection for mucous membranes (e.g. oral cavity and conjunctiva) yet circulating autoantibodies target many different basement membrane antigens that include type XVII collagen (BP180, BPAG2) and laminin-5/6 [3,4]. Because of the preponderance of mucosal lesions and the lack of cicatrix (scarring) in some patients with CP, there is a recent international consensus to rename this entity as 'mucous membrane pemphigoid' or (MMP) [L.S.…”