Updates on the Biofunctionalization of Gold Nanoparticles for the Rapid and Sensitive Multiplatform Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Virus and Its Proteins: From Computational Models to Validation in Human Samples

Abstract

Since the outbreak of the pandemic respiratory virus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), academic communities and governments/private companies have used several detection techniques based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). In this emergency context, colloidal AuNPs are highly valuable easy-to-synthesize biocompatible materials that can be used for different functionalization strategies and rapid viral immunodiagnosis. In this review, the latest multidisciplinary developments in the bioconjugation of AuNPs for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus and its proteins in (spiked) real samples are discussed for the first time, with reference to the optimal parameters provided by three approaches: one theoretical, via computational prediction, and two experimental, using dry and wet chemistry based on single/multistep protocols. Overall, to achieve high specificity and low detection limits for the target viral biomolecules, optimal running buffers for bioreagent dilutions and nanostructure washes should be validated before conducting optical, electrochemical, and acoustic biosensing investigations. Indeed, there is plenty of room for improvement in using gold nanomaterials as stable platforms for ultrasensitive and simultaneous “in vitro” detection by the untrained public of the whole SARS-CoV-2 virus, its proteins, and specific developed IgA/IgM/IgG antibodies (Ab) in bodily fluids. Hence, the lateral flow assay (LFA) approach is a quick and judicious solution to combating the pandemic. In this context, the author classifies LFAs according to four generations to guide readers in the future development of multifunctional biosensing platforms. Undoubtedly, the LFA kit market will continue to improve, adapting researchers’ multidetection platforms for smartphones with easy-to-analyze results, and establishing user-friendly tools for more effective preventive and medical treatments.

Hierarchical Nanobiosensors at the End of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic

“…Metallic nanoparticles are used, which act as antiviral agents against RNA viruses because most recurrent respiratory diseases are RNA viruses that take advantage of the link between the virus and the host cell to enter the host cell [242]. From this, various functionalization and rapid viral immunodiagnosis strategies can be used [243].…”

Nanoparticles for efficient drug delivery and drug resistance in glioma: New perspectives

“…For example, monodisperse and highly concentrated AuNPs can be prepared using seed growth methods, and the size and shape of the particles can be controlled by changing the reaction conditions. 159 , 160 In conclusion, AuNPs is a kind of nanomaterial with a wide range of applications, and research on their preparation and application is constantly deepening and developing.…”