Updates on the Virulence Factors Produced by Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacterales and Strategies to Control Their Infections

Abstract

The Enterobacterales order is a massive group of Gram-negative bacteria comprised of pathogenic and nonpathogenic members, including beneficial commensal gut microbiota. The pathogenic members produce several pathogenic or virulence factors that enhance their pathogenic properties and increase the severity of the infection. The members of Enterobacterales can also develop resistance against the common antimicrobial agents, a phenomenon called antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Many pathogenic Enterobacterales members are known to possess antimicrobial resistance. This review discusses the virulence factors, pathogenicity, and infections caused by multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales, especially E. coli and some other bacterial species sharing similarities with the Enterobacterales members. We also discuss both conventional and modern approaches used to combat the infections caused by them. Understanding the virulence factors produced by the pathogenic bacteria will help develop novel strategies and methods to treat infections caused by them.

Genomic Study of High-Risk Clones of Enterobacter hormaechei Collected from Tertiary Hospitals in the United Arab Emirates

“…Additionally, adhesins such as type 3 fimbriae and curli fibers, which were variably present among our isolates, facilitate cell adhesion, host cell invasion, and interaction with the host immune system, contributing to inflammatory responses. This complex interplay of virulence factors highlights the multifaceted pathogenic strategies employed by Enterobacter hormaechei, complicating treatment and control efforts [38].…”