Updating on Roles of HIV Intrinsic Factors: A Review of Their Antiviral Mechanisms and Emerging Functions

Abstract

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Host restriction factors are cellular proteins that inhibit specific steps of the viral life cycle. Since the 1970s, several new factors have been identified, including human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) replication restriction. Evidence accumulated in the last decade has substantially broadened our understanding of the molecular mechanisms utilized to abrogate the HIV-1 life cycle. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> In this review, we focus on the interaction between host restriction factors participating in the early phase of HIV-1 infection, particularly CA-targeting proteins. Host factors involved in the late phase of the replication cycle, such as viral assembly and egress factors, are also described. Additionally, current reports on well-known antiviral intrinsic factors, as well as other viral restriction factors with their emerging roles, are included. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> A comprehensive understanding of the interactions between viruses and hosts is expected to provide insight into the design of novel HIV-1 therapeutic interventions.

HIV-1 Vpr Functions in Primary CD4+ T Cells

“…Vpr has been demonstrated to bind karyopherin-α in vitro and thereby increase its affinity for basic NLSs such as the ones found in the C-termini of the integrase and matrix proteins of the PIC [ 37 ]. By doing so, it would facilitate the FEZ1-mediated acceleration of the PIC’s nuclear import whilst diminishing the likelihood of RFs damaging the PIC [ 38 ], although these findings may necessitate refinement in light of the fact that intact viral capsids can enter the nucleus [ 29 ].…”

Exosomes in the life cycle of viruses and the pathogenesis of viral infections

“…В процессе выхода из клетки участвует белок Gag ВИЧ-1, который накапливается и заякоревается на плазматической мембране. Изучение ключевого компонента ESCRT -TSG101 с использованием системы Таким образом, взаимодействие TSG101 с Gag ВИЧ может служить потенциальной мишенью для противовирусной терапии [28][29][30]. Сборку вирусных частиц и секрецию экзосом также регулируют белки семейства Rab [31].…”

Antigen specificities of HIV-infected cells: A role in infection and persistence?

“…Factors targeting multiple steps of the viral replication cycle such as CCR5-mediated entry, the uncoating, reverse transcription, release and env processing (recently reviewed in 69 ) have been described. These restriction factors are able to block HIV replication and include the following proteins: apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3G (APOBEC3G), tetherin/bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2)/CD317, sterile α motif and histidine-aspartate domain-containing protein1 (SAMHD1) and tripartite-motif-containing 5α (TRIM5α, essentially in non-human primates 70 ).…”