“…This involves the physical removal of impurities such as sulfur, mercury, and ash from raw coal before it is burned, thus mitigating the release of harmful pollutants (Oberschelp, Pfister, Raptis, & Hellweg, 2019). Advanced techniques, including coal washing and chemical cleaning, enhance the efficiency of this process, yielding cleaner-burning coal (Lee, Kim, Chun, Choi, & Yoo, 2017). Employing Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies postcombustion captures carbon dioxide emissions at their source (Ding, Wei, & Yu, 2020), preventing them from entering the atmosphere.…”