Urban Air Pollution Modeling

Abstract

IntroductionAll life form on this planet depends on clean air. Air quality not only affects human health but also components of environment such as water, soil, and forests, which are the vital resources for human development. Urbanization is a process of relative growth in a country's urban population accompanied by an even faster increase in the economic, political, and cultural importance of cities relative to rural areas. Urbanization is the integral part of economic development. It brings in its wake number of challenges like increase in population of urban settlement, high population density, increase in industrial activities (medium and small scale within the urban limits and large scale in the vicinity), high rise buildings and increased vehicular movement. All these activities contribute to air pollution. The shape of a city and the land use distribution determine the location of emission sources and the pattern of urban traffic, affecting urban air quality (World Bank Reports 2002). The dispersion and distribution of air pollutants and thus the major factor affecting urban air quality are geographical setting, climatological and meteorological factors, city planning and design and human activities. Cities in the developing countries are characterized by old city and new development. The old cities have higher population density, narrow lanes and fortified structures. In order to ensure clean air in urban settlements urban planning and urban air quality management play an important role. New legislations, public awareness, growth of urban areas, increases in power consumption and traffic pose continuous challenges to urban air quality management. UNEP (2005) has identified niche areas Urban planning need to primarily focus on as:  Promotion of efficient provision of urban infrastructure and allocation of land use, thereby contributing to economic growth,  managing spatial extension while minimizing infrastructure costs,  improving and maintaining the quality of the urban environment and  Prerecording the natural environment immediately outside the urban area. Air quality modelling provides a useful support to decision making processes incorporating environmental policies and management process. They generate information that can be u s e d i n t h e d e c i s i o n m a k i n g p r o c e s s . T h e m a i n o b j e c t i v e s o f m o d e l s a r e : t o i n t e g r a t e observations, to predict the response of the system to the future changes, to make provision for future development without compromising with quality www.intechopen.com Air Quality -Models and Applications

Air Pollution Dispersion Modeling in Port Areas

“…The main air pollutants related to port activities include Particulate matter (PM), diesel exhaust, Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), Nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Other air pollutants hazardous to the environment and health are heavy metals, dioxins and formaldehyde, [3,4].…”

“…Six common air pollutants (criteria pollutants) that are often found anywhere in the air are: Carbon monoxide (CO), lead, Ground-level Ozone, Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), Nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and Particulate matter (PM) [3].…”

Vehicular pollution dispersion modelling along roads using CALINE4 model - a review

“…), source by motion (mobile or stationary source), source by duration (puff/intermittent or long-term or continuous source), etc. Further, air dispersion models could be broadly divided into, physical models and mathematical models (Srivastava and Rao, 2011).…”

Dynamic risk assessment of storage tank using consequence modeling and fuzzy Bayesian network

“…However, modeling the emission of pollution has its own requirements and the role of various factors must be properly considered. Factors such as: characteristics of the released material, characteristics of the production process, characteristics of the external environment (including climate and topography of the region) [ 22 ].…”