“…Old Rusafa, situated in Baghdad, Iraq, stands as a testament to historic urban design, renowned for its architectural richness, traditional motifs, and organically developed road networks. This area is distinguished by its predominantly low-rise structures, neighbourhoods that blend various uses, and densely populated residential areas, as documented in (Al-Ashab, 1974;Al-Hasani, 2012;Alobaydi, 2017;Al-Saaidy, 2020a;Al-Saaidy, 2020b). The street layout of Old Rusafa is characterized by a meandering, zigzag pattern, which has evolved naturally over time, mirroring the city's organic expansion.…”