Uric acid, hyperuricemia and vascular diseases

Abstract

Uric acid is the product of purine metabolism. It is known that hyperuricemia, defined as high levels of blood uric acid, is the major etiological factor of gout. A number of epidemiological reports have increasingly linked hyperuricemia with cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Studies highlighting the pathogenic mechanisms of uric acid point to an inflammatory response as the primary mechanism for inducing gout and possibly contributing to uric acid's vascular effects. Monosodium urate (MSU) crystals induce an inflammatory reaction, which are recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). These TLRs then activate NALP3 inflammasome. MSU also triggers neutrophil activation and further produces immune mediators, which lead to a proinflammatory response. In addition, soluble uric acid can also mediate the generation of free radicals and function as a pro-oxidant. This review summarizes the epidemiological studies of hyperuricemia and cardiovascular disease, takes a brief look at hyperuricemia and its role in neurological diseases, and highlights the studies of the advanced pathological mechanisms of uric acid and inflammation.

Nox4 has a crucial role in uric acid-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in renal tubular cells

“…Elevated serum uric acid (UA) levels not only decrease the glomerular filtration rate, but also induce tubulointerstitial injury. However, the underlying mechanisms have remained to be fully elucidated (2,3). Previous studies indicated that high levels of UA promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation to increase oxidative stress in several cell types, including mesangial cells, adipocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (4)(5)(6).…”

Ürik Asidin Antioksidan ve Pro-Oksidan Özellikleri ile İlgili Kavram ve Tartışmalarının Derlemesi

“…The solubility of uric acid in water is low, and in humans, the average concentration of uric acid in blood is close to the solubility limit (6.8 mg/dL). When the level of uric acid is higher than 6.8 mg/dL, crystals of uric acid form as monosodium urate (MSU) 2 .…”

“…Uric acid is a heterocyclic organic compound with the formula C 5 H 4 N 4 O 3 (2,6,8-trioxypurinne) (figure 1) and a molecular weight of 168 Daltons 2 . Uric acid is the final metabolic product of purine metabolism in humans.…”

The Development of Reproducible and Selective Uric Acid Biosensor by Using Electrodeposited Polytyramine as Matrix Polymer

“…The determination of uric acid is important because a typical total uric acid in serum is an indicator of abnormality in purine metabolism of gout, hyperuricemia and renal disease [1][2]. The role of uric acid in body fluid has to be aware since it was known that uric acid at a certain level is associated with blood related disease [3].…”