Urinary analysis reveals high deoxynivalenol exposure in pregnant women from Croatia

Šarkanj, Bojan; Warth, Benedikt; Uhlig, Silvio; Abia, Wilfred A.; Sulyok, Michael; Klapec, Tomislav; Krska, Rudolf; Banjari, Ines

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.043

Cited by 79 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…AFM 1 and FB 1 were exclusively found in samples from Bangladesh and Haiti. Frequent detection of DON or its urinary metabolites DON-3-GLcA and DON-15-GlcA in Europe was previously reported in populations from Italy, Germany, and Croatia (Solfrizzo et al 2014;Gerding et al 2014;Šarkanj et al 2013). The outcomes of these studies match the present data of mean concentrations below the LOQ (4 ng/mL for DON) and 11.2 ng/mL for DON-GlcA in the German population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Compounds monitored in this study were deoxynivalenol (DON), deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide (DON-3-GlcA), T-2-toxin (T-2), HT-2-toxin (HT-2), HT-2-toxin-4-glucuronide (HT-2-4-GlcA), fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ), aflatoxins (AFB 1 , AFB 2 , AFG 1, AFG 2 , AFM 1 ), zearalenone (ZEA), zearalanone (ZAN), their urinary metabolites α-zearalanol (α-ZEL), and β-zearalanol (β-ZEL) and corresponding 14-O-glucuronic acid conjugates (ZEA-14-GlcA, ZAN-14-GlcA, α/β-ZEL-14-GlcA), ochratoxin A (OTA), and ochratoxin alpha (OT α ), as well as enniatin B (EnB) and dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT), a urinary metabolite of citrinin (Dunn et al 1983;Ali et al 2015b). Since in previous human or animal studies a good correlation has been observed between dietary mycotoxin intake and urinary excretion, AFM 1 , OTA, DON, FB 1 , and ZEA can be considered as suitable biomarkers of exposure (Zhu et al 1987;Gilbert et al 2001;Šarkanj et al 2013;Turner et al 2010;Riley et al 2012;Gambacorta et al 2013;Muñoz et al 2014). When reliable urinary excretion rates were available, these data were used in our study to calculate the PDI to estimate the human exposure to mycotoxins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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A comparative study of the human urinary mycotoxin excretion patterns in Bangladesh, Germany, and Haiti using a rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS approach

et al. 2015

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An improved "dilute and shoot" LC-MS/MS multibiomarker approach was used to monitor urinary excretion of 23 mycotoxins and their metabolites in human populations from Asia (Bangladesh), Europe (Germany), and the Caribbean region (Haiti). Deoxynivalenol (DON), deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide (DON-3-GlcA), T-2-toxin (T-2), HT-2-toxin (HT-2), HT-2-toxin-4-glucuronide (HT-2-4-GlcA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1), zearalenone (ZEA), zearalanone (ZAN), their urinary metabolites α-zearalanol (α-ZEL) and β-zearalanol (β-ZEL), and corresponding 14-O-glucuronic acid conjugates (ZEA-14-GlcA, ZAN-14-GlcA, β-ZEL, α/β-ZEL-14-GlcA), ochratoxin A (OTA), and ochratoxin alpha (OTα) as well as enniatin B (EnB) and dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT) were among these compounds. Eight urinary mycotoxin biomarkers were detected (AFM1, DH-CIT, DON, DON-GLcA, EnB, FB1, OTA, and α-ZEL). DON and DON-GlcA were exclusively detected in urines from Germany and Haiti whereas urinary OTA and DH-CIT concentrations were significantly higher in Bangladeshi samples. AFM1 was present in samples from Bangladesh and Haiti only. Exposure was estimated by the calculation of probable daily intakes (PDI), and estimates suggested occasional instances of toxin intakes that exceed established tolerable daily intakes (TDI). The detection of individual mycotoxin exposure by biomarker-based approaches is a meaningful addition to the classical monitoring of the mycotoxin content of the food supply.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

A comparative study of the human urinary mycotoxin excretion patterns in Bangladesh, Germany, and Haiti using a rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS approach

et al. 2015

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“…Factors 0.63 and 0.65 were obtained by calculating DON-equivalents (Sarkanj et al, 2013). It has to be highlighted that these calculations are based on excretion ratio assumptions and that inter-individual variations were not taken into account.…”

Section: Estimated Dietary Exposure Through Urinary Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Turner et al (2008) linked urinary DON with cereal intake in individuals from the United Kingdom. Whereas most of these studies focus on the exposure to one mycotoxin, more recently multitoxin approaches were used where up to 32 mycotoxins and their metabolites were analysed in urine samples Gerding et al, 2014;Huybrechts et al, 2014;Rodriguez-Carrasco et al, 2014a;Sarkanj et al, 2013;Solfrizzo et al, 2014;Warth et al, 2012b).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Human biomonitoring of multiple mycotoxins in the Belgian population: Results of the BIOMYCO study

Heyndrickx

Sioen

Huybrechts

et al. 2015

Environment International

191

169

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Mycotoxins are important food contaminants responsible for health effects such as cancer, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity or immunosuppression. The assessment of mycotoxin exposure is often based on calculations combining mycotoxin occurrence data in food with population data on food consumption. Because of limitations inherent to that approach, the direct measurement of biomarkers of exposure in biological fluids has been proposed as a suitable alternative to perform an accurate mycotoxin exposure assessment at individual level. For this reason, the BIOMYCO study was designed to assess mycotoxin exposure in Belgian adults and children using urinary biomarkers of exposure. Morning urine was gathered in a representative part of the Belgian population according to a standardised study protocol, whereby 155 children (3-12 years old) and 239 adults (19-65 years old) were selected based on random cluster sampling. These urine samples were analysed for the presence of 33 potential biomarkers with focus on aflatoxins, citrinin (CIT), fumonisins, trichothecenes, ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone and their metabolites using two validated LC-MS/MS methods. Nine out of the 33 analysed mycotoxins were detected whereby deoxynivalenol (DON), OTA, CIT and their metabolites were the most frequently detected. Deoxynivalenol-15-glucuronide was the main urinary DON biomarker and was found in all urine samples in the ng/mL range. Furthermore deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide was quantified in 91% of the urine samples collected from children and in 77% of the samples collected from adults. Deoxynivalenol was detected in 70% and 37% of the samples of children and adults respectively. For the first time deepoxy-deoxynivalenol-glucuronide was detected in children's urine (17%). In the samples collected by adults, the prevalence was 22%. Whereas all these mycotoxins contaminated the urine samples in the ng/mL range, CIT and OTA were present in much lower concentrations (pg/mL). OTA contaminated 51% and 35% of the samples collected by children and adults respectively. CIT and its metabolite were present in 72% and 6% of children's urine, whereas they contaminated 59% and 12% of adult's urine. Finally, α-zearalenol and β-zearalenol-14-glucuronide were found in respectively one and two samples from adults. The exposure to DON, OTA and CIT was compared between subgroups and urinary mycotoxin concentrations differed significantly among age and gender. Based on the urinary levels, the daily intake of DON and OTA was estimated and evaluated whereby, depending on the used method, 16-69% of the population possibly exceeded the tolerable daily intake for DON and 1% for OTA. The BIOMYCO study is the first study whereby a multi-toxin approach was applied for mycotoxin exposure assessment in adults and children on a large-scale. Moreover, it is the first study that described the exposure to an elaborated set of mycotoxins in the Belgian population. Biomarker analysis showed a clear exposure of a broad segment of the Belgian population to DON, OTA and CIT. Th...

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“…Samples can be used for analysis of multiple contaminants; allows estimation of chronic and acute exposure to contaminants. and body weight (Gratz et al, 2014;Rodriguez-Carrasco et al, 2014;Sarkanj et al, 2013;Solfrizzo et al, 2014;Turner et al, 2008;Wallin et al, 2013;Warth et al, 2012). This re-calculation is only possible for toxins showing a rapid elimination and short mean residence time (like for example DON).…”

Section: Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies for estimating human exposure to mycotoxins via food

Nijs

Mengelers

Boon

et al. 2016

WMJ

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In this review, five strategies to estimate mycotoxin exposure of a (sub-)population via food, including data collection, are discussed with the aim to identify the added values and limitations of each strategy for risk assessment of these chemicals. The well-established point estimate, observed individual mean, probabilistic and duplicate diet strategies are addressed, as well as the emerging human biomonitoring strategy. All five exposure assessment strategies allow the estimation of chronic (long-term) exposure to mycotoxins, and, with the exception of the observed individual mean strategy, also acute (short-term) exposure. Methods for data collection, i.e. food consumption surveys, food monitoring studies and total diet studies are discussed. In food monitoring studies, the driving force is often enforcement of legal limits, and, consequently, data are often generated with relatively high limits of quantification and targeted at products suspected to contain mycotoxin levels above these legal limits. Total diet studies provide a solid base for chronic exposure assessments since they provide mycotoxin levels in food based on well-defined samples and including the effect of food preparation. Duplicate diet studies and human biomonitoring studies reveal the actual exposure but often involve a restricted group of human volunteers and a limited time period. Human biomonitoring studies may also include exposure to mycotoxins from other sources than food, and exposure to modified mycotoxins that may not be detected with current analytical methods. Low limits of quantification are required for analytical methods applied for data collection to avoid large uncertainties in the exposure due to high numbers of left censored data, i.e. with levels below the limit of quantification.

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Urinary analysis reveals high deoxynivalenol exposure in pregnant women from Croatia

Cited by 79 publications

References 35 publications

A comparative study of the human urinary mycotoxin excretion patterns in Bangladesh, Germany, and Haiti using a rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS approach

A comparative study of the human urinary mycotoxin excretion patterns in Bangladesh, Germany, and Haiti using a rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS approach

Human biomonitoring of multiple mycotoxins in the Belgian population: Results of the BIOMYCO study

Strategies for estimating human exposure to mycotoxins via food

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