Urinary Incontinence – from Childhood Onwards

Abstract

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a condition that affects patients of all ages, starting with childhood. There are two peaks in its incidence, i.e., in childhood and another one in patients over 40 years of age, which increases continuously with patient age. It is a condition recognized by the World Health Organization as a set of diseases (International Classification of Diseases, ICD-10), and the International Classification of Functionality recognizes the associated extreme disablement. UI is a major health problem affecting the lives of an estimated 400 million persons worldwide. The global aging of the population will cause rise in the incidence of UI in the future. It is expected that UI itself will become a serious health and social burden for both patients and health service providers. UI can be an isolated problem, or it can be associated and/or aggravated by any associated disorder affecting the nervous system such as myelomeningoceles, Parkinson's disease or stroke. UI often affects the patient daily life, and it can have repercussions on their physical, financial, social, and emotional well-being. At last, it has a negative influence on their sexual health.

The effects of caffeine and d-amphetamine on spatial span task in healthy participants

“…Future amphetamine studies should conduct in elderly subjects as ageing is associated with cognitive decline [ 170 ], in a heterogeneous population and in amphetamine naïve subjects. Coffee metabolism is also altered with age in elderly people and they tolerate moderate amounts of caffeine (50–100 mg) [ 171 ]. Lastly, the current study did not verify the self-reports about recent substance use.…”

Lower Urinary Tract Disorders as Adverse Drug Reactions—A Literature Review

“…It is a condition characterised by the involuntary loss of urine. UI can be diagnosed in childhood and may resolve itself with growth; however, it usually occurs in patients over 40 years of age and increases with ageing [ 29 ]. UI is regarded as affecting mostly women.…”

“…UI is regarded as affecting mostly women. The estimates indicate that the prevalence of UI is about 19% in women younger than 45 and reaches about 29% in women 80 years or older [ 29 , 30 ]. Although UI often affects women, a significant number of males also suffer from UI.…”

“…It is reported that 12–17% of males are affected by UI, and the incidence rate increases with age. Besides age, the other risk factors include obesity, parity, smoking, diabetes and hysterectomy [ 29 , 31 ]. Both acute, often transient UI and chronic UI can be distinguished.…”

“…Mixed UI is a combination of both the aforementioned mechanisms. Overflow UI affects mostly men and is characterised by the overfilling of the bladder that could not be emptied [ 29 , 32 , 33 ]. There is also an idiopathic, primary OAB that is a functional disease of the lower urinary tract.…”