Urinary markers for prostate cancer

Downes, Michelle; Byrne, J.; Pennington, Stephen R.; Dünn, Michael J.; Fitzpatrick, John M.; Watson, R. William G.

doi:10.1111/j.1464-410x.2006.06610.x

Cited by 29 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…42,43,46 Malignancy of the urogenital tract Many nephrourological tumour-associated molecules are secreted into the urine and it is therefore not surprising that several studies have evaluated urine biomarkers for the early diagnosis and surveillance of renal cell, bladder and prostate cancer (Table 2). 47,49,53 Most of these studies have been based on small patient cohorts, and the reported sensitivity and specificity of urine biomarkers are wide ranging. With only a few studies published on each set of biomarkers, it is difficult at present to assess their potential clinical impact in the future.…”

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confidence: 99%

Urine proteomics: the present and future of measuring urinary protein components in disease

Barratt

Topham²

2007

Canadian Medical Association Journal

191

126

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P roteomics is the study of protein expression in a tissue or biological fluid. Comparison of protein patterns in biological fluids between healthy individuals and patients with disease is increasingly being used both to discover biological markers of disease (biomarkers) and to identify biochemical processes important in disease pathogenesis. Although currently available tests for urine proteins measure either the total level of urine protein or the presence of a single protein species, emerging proteomic technologies allow simultaneous examination of the patterns of multiple urinary proteins and their correlation with individual diagnoses, response to treatment or prognosis. Analysis of the various protein constituents of urine may suggest novel, noninvasive diagnostic tests, therapeutic guidance, and prognostic information for patients and clinicians.In this review, we describe the current practice of urine protein testing and the emerging technologies that are being used for analysis of the urinary proteome. BackgroundNormally, the low-molecular-weight proteins and albumin that are filtered from plasma into the early tubular fluid are almost completely reabsorbed and catabolized in the proximal tubules. As a result, daily urinary protein excretion is less than 150 mg/day, of which about 10 mg is albumin. In patients with physiologic proteinuria, the proteins excreted include mucoproteins (mainly Tamm-Horsfall protein), blood-group proteins, albumin, immunoglobulins, mucopolysaccharides and very small amounts of hormones and enzymes. Historically, proteinuria of more than 150 mg/day was regarded as abnormal. However, it is now appreciated that early renal disease is often characterized by low-level albuminuria (between 30 and 300 mg/day).1 This condition is termed microalbuminuria because the concentration of albumin is below the detection limit of traditional assays. Protein or albumin excretion greater than 300 mg/day represents overt proteinuria or macroalbuminuria; at this level, the result of standard urine dipstick testing becomes positive.Pathological proteinuria can be divided into 3 categories: glomerular proteinuria, tubular proteinuria and overload proteinuria.2 Glomerular proteinuria results from an increase in the permeability of the glomerular capillary wall to macromolecules (particularly albumin) and usually results from glomerular disease. Tubular proteinuria results from reduced reabsorption of proteins that are normally present in the glomerular filtrate or from excretion of proteins derived from injured tubular epithelial cells. It is usually caused by diseases of the tubulointerstitium. Overload proteinuria is due to an excess of low-molecular-weight proteins that are normally reabsorbed by the proximal tubules. These proteins are most often immunoglobulin light chains (in the plasma cell dyscrasias), although lysozyme (in myelomonocytic leukemia), myoglobin (in rhabdomyolysis) or hemoglobin (in intravascular hemolysis) may also be identified.Under normal conditions, urinary proteins exis...

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confidence: 99%

Urine proteomics: the present and future of measuring urinary protein components in disease

Barratt

Topham²

2007

Canadian Medical Association Journal

191

126

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“…Almost all urine-detectable prostatespecific markers have recently been reviewed (Table 1). 7,8 For this reason, we focus here only on the promising markers which have been independently evaluated by several groups and on the very recent ones. Subsequent chapters are devoted to the current most intensively studied markers, prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) and fusion genes.…”

Section: Advantages and Limitations Of Novel Urine Markersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urine markers in monitoring for prostate cancer

Jamaspishvili

Král

Khomeriki

et al. 2009

Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis

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The major advantages of urine-based assays are their noninvasive character and ability to monitor prostate cancer with heterogeneous foci. Almost all urine-detectable prostate-specific markers have been recently reviewed. For this reason, we focus here on only a few promising markers which have been independently evaluated (in particular PCA3, fusion genes, TERT, AMACR, GSTP1, MMP9 and VEGF) and very recent ones (ANXA3 and sarcosine). The emphasis is also on multiplex biomarker analysis and on microarray-based analysis of fusion genes. A combination of multiple urine biomarkers may be valuable in the case of men with persistently elevated serum prostatespecific antigen and a history of negative biopsies. The emerging urine tests should help in both early diagnosis of prostate cancer and identifying aggressive tumors for radical treatment.

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“…Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies in the developed world (1). Since this disease is more common among older men, its incidence is expected to increase as the population ages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nowadays, there are many clinical studies which evaluate biomarkers in urine (1). This type of sample represents a good fluid to seek biomarkers, mainly because it is readily available and obtained noninvasively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This type of sample represents a good fluid to seek biomarkers, mainly because it is readily available and obtained noninvasively. On the other hand, it can be used to detect either exfoliated cancer cells or secreted prostatic products that could indicate the presence of PCa (1). Prostate cells are believed to be present in urine, especially in the first voided sample after prostate massage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Controversies in using urine samples for prostate cancer detection: PSA and PCA3 expression analysis

et al. 2011

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Purpose: Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies in the world. Although PSA utilization as a serum marker has improved prostate cancer detection it still presents some limitations, mainly regarding its specificity. The expression of this marker, along with the detection of PCA3 mRNA in urine samples, has been suggested as a new approach for PCa detection. The goal of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of the urinary detection of PCA3 mRNA and PSA mRNA without performing the somewhat embarrassing prostate massage. It was also intended to optimize and implement a methodological protocol for this kind of sampling. Materials and Methods: Urine samples from 57 patients with suspected prostate disease were collected, without undergoing prostate massage. Increased serum PSA levels were confirmed by medical records review. RNA was extracted by different methods and a preamplification step was included in order to improve gene detection by Real-Time PCR. Results: An increase in RNA concentration with the use of TriPure Isolation Reagent. Despite this optimization, only 15.8% of the cases showed expression of PSA mRNA and only 3.8% of prostate cancer patients presented detectable levels of PCA3 mRNA. The use of a preamplification step revealed no improvement in the results obtained. Conclusion: This work confirms that prostate massage is important before urine collection for gene expression analysis. Since PSA and PCA3 are prostate specific, it is necessary to promote the passage of cells from prostate to urinary tract, in order to detect these genetic markers in urine samples.

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Urinary markers for prostate cancer

Cited by 29 publications

References 46 publications

Urine proteomics: the present and future of measuring urinary protein components in disease

Urine proteomics: the present and future of measuring urinary protein components in disease

Urine markers in monitoring for prostate cancer

Controversies in using urine samples for prostate cancer detection: PSA and PCA3 expression analysis

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