Urinary profiles of selected metals and arsenic and their exposure pathway analysis in four large floodplains of Pakistan

Khanam, Tasawar; Eqani, Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah; Zhang, Jie; Wang, Heng; Zhang, Yongli; Yang, Jianbo; Sadiq, Muhammad; Rasheed, Hifza; Shen, Heqing

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139586

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Specifically, groundwater was sampled during both the wet and dry seasons, and the calculation results have been discussed respectively. The intake per unit weight was used to describe the heavy metals toxicity [ 30 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution, Genesis, and Human Health Risks of Groundwater Heavy Metals Impacted by the Typical Setting of Songnen Plain of NE China

Zhai

Zheng

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Heavy metals pollution in groundwater and the resulting health risks have always been an environmental research hotspot. However, the available information regarding this topic and associated methods is still limited. This study collected 98 groundwater samples from a typical agricultural area of Songnen Plain in different seasons. The pollution status and sources of ten heavy metals (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr (VI), Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were then analyzed and compared. In addition, the human health risks assessment (HHRA) model was used to calculate human health risks caused by heavy metals in groundwater. The results revealed that heavy metals were mainly distributed in the northwest of the study area and along the upper reaches of the Lalin river and that the concentrations of heavy metals were higher during the wet season than the dry season. Industrial and agricultural activities and natural leaching are the main sources, and each kind of heavy metal may have different sources. Fe and Mn are the primary pollutants, mainly caused by the native environment and agricultural activities. The exceeding standard rates are 71.74% and 61.54%, respectively based on the Class III of Quality Standard for Groundwater of China (GB/T 14848-2017). The maximum exceeding multiple are 91.45 and 32.05, respectively. The health risks of heavy metals borne by different groups of people were as follows: child > elder > young > adult. Carcinogenic heavy metals contribute to the main risks, and the largest risks sources are Cr and As. Therefore, the government should appropriately restrict the use of pesticides and fertilizers, strictly manage the discharge of enterprises, and control man-made heavy metals from the source. In addition, centralized water supply and treatment facilities shall be established to prevent the harm of native heavy metals.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution, Genesis, and Human Health Risks of Groundwater Heavy Metals Impacted by the Typical Setting of Songnen Plain of NE China

Zhai

Zheng

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…All 200 participants, categorized into five age groups (18-24 years, 25-31 years, 32-38 years, and 39-45 years), willingly participated and completed a detailed questionnaire providing information on weight, age, education level, annual family income, profession, daily water intake, rice consumption per week, number of working hours, smoking activity, and residence time (Table 1). Detailed sample collection methods were described previously by Khanam et al (2020) [25]. Spot urine samples were collected for trace element exposure assessment, while hair, nail, and water samples were collected from each participant.…”

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Before sampling, HNO 3 10% (v/v) (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) was used to acidify all containers, and ultrapure water was used for repeated rinsing. Urine samples were filtered using a 0.22 µm syringe filter, as described by Khanam et al (2020) [25]. For metal analysis, wheat, hair, and nail samples underwent acid digestion using an established protocol [12].…”

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment and Exposure Analysis of Trace Metals in Different Age Groups of the Male Population in Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Hussain,

Khanam,

Ullah

et al. 2023

Toxics

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In developing countries, like Pakistan, the pursuit of urbanization and economic development disrupts the delicate ecosystem, resulting in additional biogeochemical emissions of heavy metals into the human habitat and posing significant health risks. The levels of these trace elements in humans remain unknown in areas at higher risk of pollution in Pakistan. In this investigation, selected trace metals including Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb) Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), and Arsenic (As) were examined in human hair, urine, and nail samples of different age groups from three major cities (Muzaffargarh, Multan, and Vehari) in Punjab province, Pakistan. The results revealed that the mean concentrations (ppm) of Cr (1.1) and Cu (9.1) in hair was highest in Muzaffargarh. In urine samples, the mean concentrations (μg/L) of Co (93), As (79), Cu (69), Cr (56), Ni (49), Cd (45), and Pb (35) were highest in the Multan region, while As (34) and Cr (26) were highest in Vehari. The mean concentrations (ppm) of Ni (9.2), Cr (5.6), and Pb (2.8), in nail samples were highest in Vehari; however, Multan had the highest Cu (28) concentration (ppm). In urine samples, the concentrations of all the studied metals were within permissible limits except for As (34 µg/L) and Cr (26 µg/L) in Vehari. However, in nail samples, the concentrations of Ni in Multan (8.1 ppm), Muzaffargarh (9 ppm), Vehari (9.2 ppm), and Cd (3.69 ppm) in Muzaffargarh exceeded permissible limits. Overall, the concentrations of metals in urine, nail, and hair samples were higher in adults (39–45 age group). Cr, Cu, and Ni revealed significantly higher concentrations of metals in hair and water in Multan, whereas As in water was significantly (p < 0.001) correlated with urinary As in Multan, indicating that the exposure source was region-specific.

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Human biomonitoring of trace metals from different altitudinal settings of Pakistan

Eqani,

Alamdar,

Nawaz

et al. 2024

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Human bio-monitoring (HBM) and assessing the body burden of potentially toxic trace elements is of critical importance for Public health. Thus, appropriate selection of bio-marker to consider broad spectrum of encountered environmental contaminants is of great importance. The current study aims to access the potentially toxic level in trace metals, Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn) and were assessed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in nail and hair samples (N = 178, N = 180 respectively). Samples were taken from four different ecological zones of Pakistan which include frozen mountain zone (FMZ), wet mountain zone (WMZ), riverine delta zone (RDZ) and low-lying zone (LLZ). A total of 134 male and 46 females between 15-40 years of age participated. Hair analysis showed higher concentration of Zn (281.15 ppm), Co (0.136 ppm) and Mn (5.65 ppm) in FMZ, Cr (1.37 ppm), Mn (7.83 ppm) and Ni (1.22 ppm) in WMZ, Co (0.15 ppm), Mn (11.89 ppm) and Ni (0.99 ppm) in RDZ, Mn (8.99 ppm) and Ni (0.90 ppm) in LLZ. While in case of nails Mn (9.91 ppm) in FMZ, Mn (9.38 ppm) and Ni (10.69 ppm) in WMZ, Mn (24.03 ppm) and Ni (8.89 ppm) in RDZ, Mn (12.46 ppm) and Ni (12.59 ppm) in LLZ showed higher concentration. Overall most abundant toxic trace element were Mn and Ni (Mn > Ni) in both hair and nail samples exceeded the WHO prescribed tolerable guideline (Mn; 0.63-3.3, Ni; ≈6). In general, in case of hair, elevated trace metals from different districts of Pakistan were generally found higher in mountainous zones (i.e., FMZ and WMZ) whereas in nails, elevated metal levels were observed in RDZ and LLZ zones. Spatial analysis for trace elements concentrations revealed that metal levels in hair tend to increase with increasing latitudes as well as increasing longitudes except Mn. Furthermore, trace metals in nail samples tend to decrease at higher latitudes and longitudes, except Zn, which showed opposite behavior.Estimated daily intake showed that dust and food had the highest contribution to Pb and Zn in all zones. Whereas, for Mn, Co, Cr, Cu and Cd, water act as main exposure medium.

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Urinary profiles of selected metals and arsenic and their exposure pathway analysis in four large floodplains of Pakistan

Cited by 5 publications

References 56 publications

Distribution, Genesis, and Human Health Risks of Groundwater Heavy Metals Impacted by the Typical Setting of Songnen Plain of NE China

Distribution, Genesis, and Human Health Risks of Groundwater Heavy Metals Impacted by the Typical Setting of Songnen Plain of NE China

Assessment and Exposure Analysis of Trace Metals in Different Age Groups of the Male Population in Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Human biomonitoring of trace metals from different altitudinal settings of Pakistan

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