Urine and serum metabolomics study of wild ginseng in rats with spleen‐qi deficiency using rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry

Abstract

Patients with a spleen-qi deficiency often exhibit dysfunction in the metabolic system. Metabolites are considered the most direct reflection of individual physiological and pathological conditions and represent attractive candidates to provide deep insights into disease phenotypes. This study examines the potential therapeutic mechanism of wild ginseng on spleen-qi deficiency through the analysis of serum and urine metabolomics using rapid-resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The reasons for the superiority of wild ginseng treatment over cultivated ginseng were also analyzed in depth. After wild ginseng intervention, anandamide, urobilinogen, aldosterone, and testosterone glucuronide were significantly reduced in serum. Meanwhile, argininosuccinic acid, L-cysteine, and seven other metabolites were significantly elevated in serum. Nine metabolites, including Lacetylcarnitine, and citrulline were elevated in the urine, and trimethylamine N-oxide, adrenic acid, and 10 other metabolites were reduced. Arginine biosynthesis, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, thiamin metabolism, taurine, and tryptophan metabolism pathways were mainly improved. Further analysis was conducted on the relationship between Lactobacillus and Akkermansia bacteria with metabolites, and it was found that they are mainly related to amino acid metabolites. This study provides strong theoretical support and direction for further explanation of the immune mechanism of wild ginseng and lays the foundation for future studies.

Microbiome profiling and Co-metabolism pathway analysis in cervical cancer patients with acute radiation enteritis

“…However, metabolomics analysis is a systems biology-based approach and offers many advantages in resolving the abovementioned problems. Its major advantages are as follows: (1) capable of dynamically analyzing the overall composition of metabolites, including feces, urine, blood, and secretions and cells of the body; (2) high accuracy, high sensitivity, and high throughput; and (3) based on multivariate statistical analysis methods, it can intuitively illustrate the pathological and physiological status of the research object, environmental factors, and the relationships between various groups of information, and obtain biomarkers [ 13 , 14 ]. This approach can explain the basic form of gut microbial metabolism and more accurately analyze the metabolic system, and consequently, the results obtained with this approach can help study the relationship between gut microbiota and the host [ [15] , [16] , [17] ].…”

Metabolomics approach to growth‐age discrimination in mountain‐cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry

“…However, MCG was reported to contain more ginsenosides than garden ginseng and thus has more beneficial pharmacological effects, including anti-cancer [5], antihypertensive, antioxidant [6], and anti-inflammatory effects [7]. As the "king of herbs," ginseng can treat a variety of diseases and can also be used to make the body gain a better state by nourishing the spleenqi deficiency, therefore, ginseng occupies a considerable market [8]. As the "king of herbs," ginseng shares a sizable market due to its nutritional benefits and ability to treat a variety of diseases.…”