Urine as a Medium for Bacterial Growth

Asscher, A. W.; Sussman, M.; Waters, W. E.; Davis, Robert H.; Chick, Susan

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(66)92023-x

Cited by 132 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The antagonistic effects of divalent cations (Mg ) and quinolones (1,6,12,39), tetracyclines (41), aminoglycosides (6,29), and other agents (28,41). Because urine contains appreciable quantities of inorganic ions (2,16), it is possible that the formation of chelates between NIT and metal ions may affect in vivo the efficacy of this drug. In particular, the magnesium is found as the preponderant divalent cation in urine, with concentrations ranging from 0.9 to 9.2 mM (16); these concentrations are well within the range used in the present study and may have dramatic effects on the antimicrobial activity of NIT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roles of divalent cations and pH in mechanism of action of nitroxoline against Escherichia coli strains

Pelletier

Prognon

Bourlioux

1995

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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The antibacterial activity of nitroxoline (NIT), an antibiotic used in the treatment of acute or recurrent urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli, is decreased in the presence of Mg 2؉ and Mn 2؉ but not Ca 2؉ . In order to elucidate the interaction between this drug and the divalent cations, spectrophotometric studies based on the natural absorption of the nitroxoline moiety were conducted. In the presence of the divalent metal ions, a shift in the NIT A 448 suggested the formation of drug-ion complexes, for which the stability followed the order Mn 2؉ > Mg 2؉ > Ca 2؉. A clear correlation was found between the chelating property and antibacterial activity of NIT; both were pH dependent. A convenient colorimetric method for the determination of NIT uptake by bacterial cells was also developed. Uptake was energy independent and showed biphasic kinetics: a rapid association with cells and then a slower increase in cell-associated NIT which reached a plateau. NIT uptake was reduced in the presence of magnesium. The implications of metal ion complexation and pH on the clinical efficacy of NIT are discussed.Nitroxoline (NIT), or 5-nitro-8-hydroxyquinoline, is an antibiotic which does not belong to any known antimicrobial class. This drug is used in France in the treatment of acute or recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) (14, 26) since it shows bacteriostatic activity against Escherichia coli strains frequently encountered in UTIs. On the other hand, the pharmacokinetics of NIT in plasma and urine are well established (4). NIT also possesses fungistatic activity (11) and bactericidal properties against Mycoplasma spp. (7).Recent studies have shown an inhibition of adherence of uropathogenic E. coli to uroepithelial cells (27) and urinary catheters (8) at sub-MICs of NIT. In order to explain this activity Bourlioux et al. (9) proposed that NIT promotes a disorganization of the bacterial outer membrane resulting from the chelation by NIT of the divalent ions Mg 2ϩ and Ca 2ϩ . The same investigators observed a decrease in the antibacterial activity of NIT on E. coli in the presence of some divalent metal ions (9). It is interesting to note that 8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine) and its derivatives have been reported to complex with metal ions (23, 37).To acquire further information on the mechanism of action of NIT and the behavior of the molecule toward the bacterial envelope, the interaction between NIT and some divalent metal ions was spectrophotometrically examined by using the absorption properties of the molecule in the visible region. In addition, microbiological investigations were carried out to determine the role of these ions and the pH in the antibacterial activity of NIT. The uptake of NIT by E. coli was also studied. MATERIALS AND METHODSBacterial strains and culture conditions. Three strains of E. coli were studied. Strains J96 and AL46 were isolated from patients with UTIs. J96 is a standard strain, frequently used in bacterial adherence assays, expressing type 1 and P fimbriae (24); the AL...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roles of divalent cations and pH in mechanism of action of nitroxoline against Escherichia coli strains

Pelletier

Prognon

Bourlioux

1995

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…On the other hand, nonfimbriated E. coli was rapidly washed out from the bladder injected with trypsin and PBS. In the bladder injected with PBS, E. coli with or without type 1 fimbriae could not colonize on bladder epithelium as mentioned by Asscher et al (1) and Cox and Hinman (5).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…In host defense level, the susceptibility of patients to urinary tract infection (UTI) depends partly on intrinsic antibacterial mechanisms of the lower urinary tract (1,5). The Tamm-Horsfall uromucoid, a mannose-containing glycoprotein in the urine (19), and S-IgA2 (27) that contains manno-oligosaccharide on the molecules are well discussed for analyzing the host defense mechanism at the urinary tract.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of a Mouse Model of Cystitis and Roles of Type 1 Fimbriated Escherichia coli in Its Pathogenesis

Liao

Tomochika

Watanabe

et al. 1992

Microbiology and Immunology

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The role of type 1 fimbriae in promoting bladder colonization and the course of Escherichia coli cystitis were examined with type 1 fimbriated strains of clinically isolated E. coli. In the experiments of mice in vivo, intact bladder epithelium showed natural resistance to the adherence of type 1 fimbriated and nonfimbriated E. coli. However, the exfoliation of bladder superficial cells by trypsinization before the bacterial inoculation promoted the adhesion and colonization of type 1 fimbriated E. coli onto bladder epithelium. After colonization of E. coli, maximum numbers of E. coli and leukocytes were observed 3 days after inoculation.Nine days after inoculation, both of E. coli and leukocytes disappeared and the regeneration of superficial cells was observed.On the other hand, superficial cells in mice injected with phosphate-buffered saline or non-fimbriated E. coli regenerated 5 days after trypsinization.The present study demonstrated that the removal of superficial cells is essential for the adhesion and colonization of type 1 fimbriated E. coli onto bladder epithelium in vivo and a new model of E. coli cystitis in mice was established.The model which we established is valuable for histopathological, immunological, and therapeutic studies.

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“…Using in vitro models investigators demonstrated that when the pH of pooled urine was decreased to o5.5, the growth of E. coli was inhibited for 4-24 h. 11,12 Urine acidification over a 24 h period has been difficult to achieve in patients with neurogenic bladder. [6][7][8][9] Inability to maintain urine acidity in the neurogenic bladder may be due to chronic colonization of bladder urine with bacteria as Proteus species 13 diet and dietary supplements and the use of antibiotics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of a phosphate supplement on urine pH in patients with neurogenic bladder receiving intermittent catheterization

2004

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Objective: To examine a phosphorus supplement as a urine-acidifying agent in patients with neurogenic bladder on clean intermittent catheterization. Methods: Seven patients were followed for 4 weeks. For the first week of study urine pH was measured three times a day: first morning urine sample, afternoon sample, evening sample. For the second and third weeks urine pH was measured and the patients drank a phosphorus supplement three times a day. For the fourth week of study the patients did not take the phosphorus supplement but the measurement of urine pH was continued. The patients were visited in their homes twice a week. During each visit a sample of urine was collected for culture. A supplement container count was performed and urine pH recordings were checked. Results: There was no significant change in urine pH during the 2-week period when a patient was on phosphorus supplementation compared to when the patient was off supplementation. In addition, urine acidification was not achieved over the time period when urine pH was monitored. Conclusion: Phosphate supplementation had no effect on urine pH in patients with neurogenic bladder.

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Urine as a Medium for Bacterial Growth

Cited by 132 publications

References 14 publications

Roles of divalent cations and pH in mechanism of action of nitroxoline against Escherichia coli strains

Roles of divalent cations and pH in mechanism of action of nitroxoline against Escherichia coli strains

Establishment of a Mouse Model of Cystitis and Roles of Type 1 Fimbriated Escherichia coli in Its Pathogenesis

Effect of a phosphate supplement on urine pH in patients with neurogenic bladder receiving intermittent catheterization

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