Use, exposure, and environmental impacts of pesticides in Pakistan: a critical review

Rashid, Sajid; Rashid, Wajid; Tulcan, Roberto Xavier Supe; Huang, Haiou

doi:10.1007/s11356-022-20164-7

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pesticides are chemical substances used to control harmful organisms in agriculture, public health, and veterinary clinical practice [1][2][3][4][5]. They are generally classified as insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, biocides, rodenticides, molluscicides, nematicides, pediculicides, and plant growth regulators [1,2,4,5]. Pesticides are increasingly used worldwide to protect crops from infestations with pests and increase crop productivity that eventually poses health risks to the environment and users such as farmworkers [1,3,[5][6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pesticides are increasingly used worldwide to protect crops from infestations with pests and increase crop productivity that eventually poses health risks to the environment and users such as farmworkers [1,3,[5][6][7][8][9]. Exposure of farmworkers to pesticides which gain entry to the body and systemic circulation usually occurs through dermal, oral, and respiratory routes as well as through the eyes and ears if proper protective measures are not taken [1,2,[8][9][10]. This usually occurs during planting, spraying, harvesting, and packing activities in agriculture as well as through other activities related to direct or indirect pesticide applications [1,9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pesticide products can be obtained easily by farmers, as they are sold as over-thecounter formulations in many countries, including Iraq [11][12][13][14], with the possibility of misuse and mishandling of the products [12]. Based on the wide usage of pesticides, studies universally indicated their environmental hazards and health risks in man and animals [2][3][4][5]8,15]. The availability of pesticide products in the local Iraqi market is not fully controlled or known.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blood cholinesterase activities and oxidative stress status among farmworkers using pesticides in Duhok, KRG, Iraq

Odisho¹,

Mohammad²

2022

jidhealth

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Background: The use of pesticides by farmworkers poses considerable health risks. This study was undertaken to examine plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activities, plasma oxidative biomarkers malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant status (TAS) among farmworkers using different pesticide products in Duhok, northern of Iraq. Methods: This is a case-control study conducted between November 2021 to July 2022 on 92 male farmworkers who were exposed to pesticides in comparison with 44 non-exposed male subjects (control). The availability and uses of pesticides were obtained from 19 agrochemical shops and the farmworkers exposed to pesticides. Demographic data of pesticide-exposed farmworkers and their practice of pesticide applications were recorded. Plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activities and plasma MDA and TAS levels were determined in both groups. Results: The farmworkers had a significant 10.0% increase in plasma MDA level, with no significant changes in blood cholinesterase activities or the TAS level. Odds and risk ratios of reduced plasma cholinesterase activity (20.0%) suggested an association of health risks in pesticide-exposed farmworkers. Most of the pesticide products (278) in use were insecticides (47.0%), which comprised mainly 26.0% pyrethroids and 3.0-7.0% anticholinesterase insecticides, among others. The majority of the farmworkers (51%) were merely aware of the general target use of the pesticide, and 75% had an exposure history of > 5 years. Pesticide application was mostly (50.0%) manual, and 54.0% used insufficient personal protection equipment; 32.0% ate and drank at work, 48.0% practiced disposal of empty pesticide containers by burning and/or burying them, whereas 25.0% dumped the containers indiscriminately, and 25% disposed them at garbage sites openly. Conclusion: The farmworkers, with only a marginal increase in oxidative stress biomarker MDA, did not suffer from significant reductions in blood cholinesterase activities, although odds and risk ratios of reduced plasma cholinesterase activity suggested a health risk. Implementation of a national program is needed to measure pre-exposure blood cholinesterase activities in farmworkers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blood cholinesterase activities and oxidative stress status among farmworkers using pesticides in Duhok, KRG, Iraq

Odisho¹,

Mohammad²

2022

jidhealth

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“…The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting of Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) methods suggest collecting data from several databases of scientific publications (Figure 2). PRISMA is widely used, extensively cited, and recognized in prominent scientific journals [60][61][62]. Specific criteria for the inclusion and exclusion of papers are adapted in the review process (Table 1).…”

Section: Selection Of the Publications For This Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Review of Multi-Dimensional Vulnerabilities in the Himalayas

Sultan

Zhan

Rashid

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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The Himalayan region is a fragile high mountain landscape where the population experiences acute vulnerability within a complex coupled human–natural system due to environmental, social, and economic linkages. The lack of significant regional and spatial knowledge of multi-faceted vulnerabilities hinders any potential recommendations to address these vulnerabilities. We systematically reviewed the literature to recommend mitigation interventions based on the region’s socio-economic and ecological vulnerability research to date. We applied the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting of Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) criteria to search for results from four comprehensive databases. For our assessment, we compiled a final sample (n = 59) of vulnerability research papers to examine the vulnerability types, spatial variation, assessment methodology, and significant drivers of change. Our study represented all Himalayan countries, namely, India, Nepal, Pakistan, China, and Bhutan. More than half of the vulnerability studies were conducted in the central Himalayan region, a quarter in the western Himalayas, and a few in the eastern Himalayas. Our review revealed that the primary drivers of change were climate change, land use/land cover, and glacial lake formation. The vulnerability assessments in the Himalayan region primarily used social science methods as compared to natural science methods. While the vulnerability studies seldom assessed mitigation interventions, our analysis identified fourteen recommendations. The recommended interventions mainly included policy interventions, livelihood improvement, and adaptation measures. This study emphasized that sustainable development requires cross-sectoral interventions to manage existing resources and mitigate the confronting vulnerabilities of the region.

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Analyzing the impact of pesticides on the indus river: contamination levels in water, sediment, fish, and associated human health risks

Habib,

Fazio,

Masud

et al. 2024

Environ Geochem Health

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Use, exposure, and environmental impacts of pesticides in Pakistan: a critical review

Cited by 23 publications

References 90 publications

Blood cholinesterase activities and oxidative stress status among farmworkers using pesticides in Duhok, KRG, Iraq

Blood cholinesterase activities and oxidative stress status among farmworkers using pesticides in Duhok, KRG, Iraq

Systematic Review of Multi-Dimensional Vulnerabilities in the Himalayas

Analyzing the impact of pesticides on the indus river: contamination levels in water, sediment, fish, and associated human health risks

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