“…Generally, the production of biochar and bio-oil can be conducted from different waste biomass sources such as almond shell, corn cob, rice husk, sugarcane bagasse, groundnut shell, poplar sawdust, food waste, Crofton weed, citrus peel, coffee husk, palm kernel shell, walnut shell and cassava rhizome ( Cheng et al., 2021 , 2022 ; Egbosiuba et al., 2020a ; Ifa et al., 2020 ; Islam et al., 2021 ; Kalair et al., 2021 ; Morales et al., 2021 ; Nkomo et al., 2021 ; Promraksa and Rakmak, 2020 ; Quillope et al., 2021 ; Rueangsan et al., 2021 ; Saleem, 2022 ; Selvarajoo et al., 2022 ; Soka and Oyekola, 2020b ). The quality of the biochar can be determined by physicochemical parameters such as volatile matter, percentage carbon content, fixed carbon, ash content and higher heating value (HHV).…”