Use of Principal Components Analysis and Kriging to Predict Groundwater-Sourced Rural Drinking Water Quality in Saskatchewan

McLeod, Lianne; Bharadwaj, Lalita; Epp, Tasha; Waldner, Cheryl L.

doi:10.3390/ijerph14091065

Cited by 21 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Além disso, pontos com concentrações elevadas representam uma ameaça real à saúde dos moradores dessas localidades e precisam da atenção imediata das autoridades envolvidas para tomar medidas corretivas (Ali et al, 2018), assim como realização de estudos de possíveis impactos à saúde associados ao consumo de água potável de baixa qualidade nas populações rurais (Mcleod et al, 2017).…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Modelagem espacial da qualidade da água nas comunidades rurais da Chapada do Apodi – RN

Rêgo

Bezerra

Filho

2020

Rev. Bras. Geog. Fis.

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A diminuição da disponibilidade hídrica vivenciada em regiões semiáridas associada à degradação da qualidade da água justifica a necessidade de ações gerenciais que visem a conservação dos recursos hídricos. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo visa realizar a modelagem espacial da qualidade da água nas comunidades rurais da Chapada do Apodi/RN. Para avaliação desse utilizou-se análise estatística descritiva dos parâmetros físico-químicos e biológicos, mediante análise dos padrões de qualidade da água conforme legislação vigente. Em seguida utilizou-se da correlação linear de Pearson para fins de verificação de dependência entre as variáveis em estudo, e interpolação por krigagem ordinária acompanhada da determinação dos semivariogramas experimentais. constatou-se que os parâmetros pH, turbidez, OD, STD, C. totais e do tipo E. coli, apresentaram resultados desconformes se comparados com a legislação vigente. Por meio da correlação linear de Pearson evidenciou uma moderada correlação entre os STD e temperatura, STD e pH, salinidade e pH, além de OD e turbidez. Além disso, o semivariograma experimental para a temperatura que melhor se ajustou foi o modelo Gaussiano, o pH ajustou-se ao modelo exponencial e as variáveis turbidez, OD e E. coli apresentaram modelo esférico. Já os demais parâmetros, apresentaram efeito pepita puro. Por fim, por meio das cartas temáticas através da interpolação por krigagem ordinária, constatou-se que as maiores concentrações tenderam a ocorrer em localidades com maiores concentrações de comunidades rurais, e comprovar um cenário de alerta na saúde pública e necessidade de monitoramento da qualidade da água. Spatial modeling of water quality in rural communities of Chapada do Apodi – RN A B S T R A C TThe decrease in water availability experienced in semiarid regions associated with water quality degradation justifies the need for management actions aimed at conserving water resources. In this sense, the present study aims to perform spatial modeling of water quality in rural communities of Chapada do Apodi/RN. For the evaluation of this, descriptive statistical analysis of the physicochemical and biological parameters was used, through the analysis of water quality standards according to current legislation. Next, pearson's linear correlation was used for the purpose of verifying dependence between the variables under study, and interpolation by ordinary kriging accompanied by the determination of experimental semivariograms. it was found that the parameters pH, turbidity, OD, STD, C. total and type E. coli, presented results that were inconsistent when compared to the current legislation. Pearson's linear correlation showed a moderate correlation between TDS and temperature, STD and pH, salinity and pH, in addition to OD and turbidity. In addition, the experimental semivariogram for the temperature that best adjusted was the Gaussian model, the pH adjusted to the exponential model and the variables turbidity, OD and E. coli presented spherical model. The other parameters showed a pure nugget effect. Finally, through thematic letters through interpolation by ordinary kriging, it was found that the highest concentrations tended to occur in localities with higher concentrations of rural communities, and to prove a scenario of alert in public health and need to monitor water quality.Keywords: Geostatistics. Groundwater. Ordinary Kriging. Conservation of water resources

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Section: Resultsunclassified

Modelagem espacial da qualidade da água nas comunidades rurais da Chapada do Apodi – RN

Rêgo

Bezerra

Filho

2020

Rev. Bras. Geog. Fis.

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“…The analysis identified similar patterns for public and private water supplies for health-related and aesthetic variables. The study showed that multivariable analysis was useful when identifying underlying patterns within the variables [ 32 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study by Mcleod et al (2017) applied a PCA to evaluate ground water samples from private and public wells with regards to an exposure assessment for epidemiological studies. The variables included health standards (water contaminants, including arsenic) and aesthetic parameters (ions and minerals).…”

Section: Comparison With Similar Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographical Distribution and Pattern of Pesticides in Danish Drinking Water 2002–2018: Reducing Data Complexity

Skaarup

Wodschow

Voutchkova

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Pesticides are a large and heterogenous group of chemicals with a complex geographic distribution in the environment. The purpose of this study was to explore the geographic distribution of pesticides in Danish drinking water and identify potential patterns in the grouping of pesticides. Our data included 899,169 analyses of 167 pesticides and metabolites, of which 55 were identified above the detection limit. Pesticide patterns were defined by (1) pesticide groups based on chemical structure and pesticide–metabolite relations and (2) an exploratory factor analysis identifying underlying patterns of related pesticides within waterworks. The geographic distribution was evaluated by mapping the pesticide categories for groups and factor components, namely those detected, quantified, above quality standards, and not analysed. We identified five and seven factor components for the periods 2002–2011 and 2012–2018, respectively. In total, 16 pesticide groups were identified, of which six were representative in space and time with regards to the number of waterworks and analyses, namely benzothiazinone, benzonitriles, organophosphates, phenoxy herbicides, triazines, and triazinones. Pesticide mapping identified areas where multiple pesticides were detected, indicating areas with a higher pesticide burden. The results contribute to a better understanding of the pesticide pattern in Danish drinking water and may contribute to exposure assessments for future epidemiological studies.

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“…Numerous approaches have been adopted to overcome these limitations, such as removal of censored data (with resulting loss of information), censored data analysis and/or substitution methods. These substitution methods (i.e., DL * 1/2) are the most commonly used for the assessment of groundwater quality parameters at various spatial scales (Meliker et al, 2008;Homoncik et al, 2010;Sanders et al, 2012;Gong et al, 2014;Frederick et al, 2016;McLeod et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arsenic in Groundwater in South West Ireland: Occurrence, Controls, and Hydrochemistry

McGrory

Alvarez‐Iglesias

Bargary

et al. 2018

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Globally numerous regions have been identified with elevated arsenic within groundwater which can result in potential adverse health risks. In Ireland, a previous national-scale research assessment of groundwater identified isolated clusters of elevated arsenic and indicated that lithology was a major controlling factor on arsenic in groundwater. Complementary comparisons of national-scale and regional-scale groundwater assessments of arsenic are lacking in Europe when compared to other global regions. The aims of this study were to demonstrate the value of a regional-scale groundwater hydrochemistry dataset with an existing national-scale approach, describe anomalies that can become the focus of attention for public health and economic reasons, and to provide a wider context for arsenic in groundwater within Ireland and Europe. Regional-scale data using 470 locations comprising 1,493 analyses using several hydrochemical parameters (arsenic, pH, conductivity, iron, manganese, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and total hardness) in south west Ireland were integrated with geological, hydrogeological, and land use datasets. Statistical analysis was performed using a combination of methods including score tests of geological groups using an empirical cumulative distribution function plot in addition to spatial analysis. Results revealed that hydrochemical parameters exhibited different spatial clusters, which was generally associated with lithology. Arsenic was elevated in sandstone derived bedrock. Weak correlation of arsenic with other hydrochemical parameters were observed and redox-sensitive elements like manganese and iron showed a greater diversity in spatial occurrence. This study has shown that the variation of hydrochemical parameters are controlled by regional geology. Finally, the paper focuses on anomalies identified by concentrations of individual ions or statistical associations in the context of, for example, historical mineral exploration and mining in the area and also discusses whether groundwater chemistry sampling on this scale can assist in future mineral exploration, as well as guiding the future development of high quality public and private water supplies.

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Use of Principal Components Analysis and Kriging to Predict Groundwater-Sourced Rural Drinking Water Quality in Saskatchewan

Cited by 21 publications

References 46 publications

Modelagem espacial da qualidade da água nas comunidades rurais da Chapada do Apodi – RN

Modelagem espacial da qualidade da água nas comunidades rurais da Chapada do Apodi – RN

Geographical Distribution and Pattern of Pesticides in Danish Drinking Water 2002–2018: Reducing Data Complexity

Arsenic in Groundwater in South West Ireland: Occurrence, Controls, and Hydrochemistry

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