“…Thus, recent research advancement is oriented towards more user-centered design approaches for in-vehicle interfaces in order to alleviate the mental effort accompanying these added features [17,37,54,77,80]. Consequently, multiple designs emerged for seamless non-intrusive in-vehicle interfaces [1,10,12,32,36,39,40,55,57,94,99]. While these previous approaches and studies focus on enhancing user experience and reducing drivers' MWL through offline pre-design feedback (e.g., gathering users' requirements and designing a universal semi-customizable interface), others focus on real-time (and semi-real-time) approaches to obtain user feedback and adapt the interface based on the user's MWL and stress levels.…”