Using adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells to fight the metabolic complications of obesity: Where do we stand?

Abstract

Obesity is a critical risk factor for the development of metabolic diseases, and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. Stem cell-based therapies have become a promising tool for therapeutic intervention. Among them are adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs), secreting numerous bioactive molecules, like growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines. Their unique features, including immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory properties, make them an ideal candidates for clinical applications. Numerous experimental studies have shown that ADMSCs can improve pancreatic islet cell viability and function, ameliorate hyperglycemia, improve insulin sensitivity, restore liver function, counteract dyslipidemia, lower pro-inflammatory cytokines, and reduce oxidative stress in the animal models. These results prompted scientists to use ADMSCs clinically. However, up to date, there have been few clinical studies or ongoing trails using ADMSCs to treat metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or liver cirrhosis. Most human studies have implemented autologous ADMSCs with minimal risk of cellular rejection. Because the functionality of ADMSCs is significantly reduced in subjects with obesity and/or metabolic syndrome, their efficacy is questioned. ADMSCs transplantation may offer a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of metabolic complications of obesity, but

HOX genes in stem cells: Maintaining cellular identity and regulation of differentiation

“…HOXC10 (being present in Decidua-derived MSCs) was further defined as a potential marker to distinguish amnion- and decidua-derived MSCs ( Hwang et al, 2009 ). And HOXC10 (together with T-box 15 transcription factor) seemed to be a fundamental developmental transcription factor in adipose tissue-derived MSCs (AT-MSCs) (AD-MSCs) ( Onate et al, 2013 ; Miklosz et al, 2022 ). Furthermore, increased expressions of HOXA10, HOXC6, HOXD8, and to a lesser extend of HOXA9, HOXB2, HOXB3, HOXC9, HOXC10 were reported in these cells ( Kouidhi et al, 2015 ).…”

Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Burn Wound Management

“…However, many authors have repeatedly demonstrated that adipose-derived regenerative cells and adipose-derived stem cells can indeed form other cell types, owing to a three-germ layer differentiation capacity [ 63 ]. To standardize MSCs, in 2006 the International Society for Cell and Gene Therapy proposed the minimal obligatory criteria: Trilineage potential presenting in the ability to differentiate into adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes in vitro; Expression of the surface markers CD73, CD90, and CD105; Lack of expression of hematopoietic and endothelial antigens CD14 (or CD11b), CD19 (or CD74alfa), CD 34, CD 45, and HLA-DR surface markers; Plastic adherence in standard culture conditions [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. …”

“…AD-MSCs have immunomodulatory and paracrine functions as well as the ability to secrete a wide range of bioactive molecules, such as cytokines, chemokines, and antioxidants [ 7 , 64 ]. They produce growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, fibroblast growth factor 2, and IGF-1, which are important in the initiation of angiogenesis, adipose tissue regeneration, and in overall healing processes [ 5 , 7 , 64 , 65 ].…”

“…Different names have been used for these cells over time, including “marrow stromal cells”, “multipotent stromal cells”, or “mesodermal stem cells” [ 6 ]. They are also referred to as “mesenchymal stromal cells” and described as fibroblast-like multipotent cells [ 7 ].…”

“…The regenerative potential of the MSCs, as well as accessibility, make cellular therapy a promising therapeutic option in wound treatment, including burn wounds. Adult stem cells are found in almost all adult tissues, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, the liver, the pancreas, the spleen, the thymus, skeletal muscles, dental pulp, and the dermis, with bone marrow and adipose tissue remaining the most frequently used sources of MSCs [ 5 , 7 , 8 ] ( Figure 2 ).…”