Using eye-tracking to investigate the effects of pre-takeover visual engagement on situation awareness during automated driving

Impact of the driver’s visual engagement on situation awareness and takeover quality

“…More closely related to the autonomous vehicle domain, Kunze et al (2019) showed that drivers who performed shorter fixations in a peripheral search task during the 40 seconds before a TOR exhibited higher SA scores. In another study, Liang et al (2021) found that greater gaze dispersion and more time looking at the road scene were positively correlated with SA scores. They also showed that previous engagement in a NDRT impairs SA after the TOR.…”

Impact of Post-Covid-19 on driver behaviour: A perspective towards pandemic-sustained transportation

“…It is important to estimate and predict the driver's awareness under the effect of Covid-19 towards complex driving tasks, such as, crossing through a residential area where children are playing on the kerbside, or a vehicle reversing and merging towards the road from its home driveway, or most importantly, an accelerating vehicle merging on ego-vehicle's respective lane on a highway scenario. In this regard, based on the literature, driver's visual skills are assessed subjectively, where drivers respond to the driving-related questionnaires ( Liang et al, 2021 ; McKerral and Pammer, 2021 ). In objective evaluation, driver's gaze behaviour, eye blinking and pupil tracking are assessed to approximate the attention driven towards various situational awareness scenarios ( Liang et al, 2021 ; McKerral and Pammer, 2021 ).…”

“…In this regard, based on the literature, driver's visual skills are assessed subjectively, where drivers respond to the driving-related questionnaires ( Liang et al, 2021 ; McKerral and Pammer, 2021 ). In objective evaluation, driver's gaze behaviour, eye blinking and pupil tracking are assessed to approximate the attention driven towards various situational awareness scenarios ( Liang et al, 2021 ; McKerral and Pammer, 2021 ). However, depending solely on the visual features analysis is not adequate, as it is possible that a driver after scanning the surrounding may miss an approaching vehicle at night whose headlights are turned off in a T-intersection crossing.…”

A situation awareness assessment method based on fuzzy cognitive maps

“…Due to the complexity of FCMs, solving by analytic methods is almost impossible, so the gradient vector is obtained directly through the definition of partial derivatives (6).…”

“…It is obvious that the status of an operator's SA is very important during the mission, and thus there exist lots of measurement methods for SA, such as situation present assessment method (SPAM) [6], SA global assessment technique (SAGAT) [7], and physiological process indices [8]. However, till now, there is no method that can measure the status of SA in real-time with high accuracy.…”