Using mesoporous carbon electrodes for brackish water desalination

Zou, Linda; Li, Lixia; Song, Huaihe; Morris, Gayle E.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2007.12.022

Cited by 353 publications

(183 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The small-angle XRD pattern for all three samples indicates the formation of an ordered hexagonal mesoporous structure [36]. This type of small-angle XRD peak is completely absent in commercial activated carbon, indicating the lack of a long-range porous structure [37]. The large peak at 23.4 • 2θ (C(002)) in Figure 4 corresponds to the amorphous carbon structure.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

High-Surface-Area Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Hemp Bast Fiber Using Hydrothermal Processing

Hossain

et al. 2018

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Synthesis of activated carbon from waste biomass is of current interest towards sustainability. The properties of biomass-derived activated carbon largely depend on the carbonization process. This study reports the preparation of mesoporous activated carbon with extremely high surface area from hemp bast fiber using hydrothermal processing. Hot water processing (390-500 • C) followed by activation using KOH and NaOH was investigated at different mass ratios. The described approach was found to enhance the mesoporosity (centered at 3.0 to 4.5 nm) of the hemp-derived activated carbon (HAC) from activation [confirmed by BJH (Barrett-Joyner-Halenda) pore size distribution and TEM (transmission electron microscopy) imaging]. BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) results showed that the product has an extremely high surface area (2425 m 2 /g) while the surface functional groups (-OH, -COOH, C=C/C-C) were confirmed by FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and further quantified by XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). Increasing KOH concentration was found to enhance the surface area with a maximum biochar-to-KOH (g/g) ratio of 1:3. The crystallite domain size of HAC was determined using Raman spectroscopy of different wavelengths. The procedure described in this study is an environmentally friendly scalable route for the mass production of activated carbon using hemp fiber.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

High-Surface-Area Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Hemp Bast Fiber Using Hydrothermal Processing

Hossain

et al. 2018

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“…As proposed in our previous studies [1,4], pore structure, pore size and surface area of the porous electrodes affect their performance in CDI, so that analysis of these properties of the samples is necessary. The pore structure difference can be seen from the N 2 adsorption/ desorption isotherms in Fig.…”

Section: Effect Of Pore Structures and Surface Area Of Mno 2 /Ncmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The electrodialysis method requires ion-selective membranes that its performance affected largely by fouling and shows lower current utilisation when the concentration of feed brine solution is lower. In comparison, capacitive deionization (CDI) is not a pressure or thermal driven process, it requires only low energy consumption and has been under investigation as an alternative desalination process [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A high capacitive electrode should have a high surface area for ionic accumulation, good electrical conductivity for effective charge holding, suitable pore size and good crosslinked structure for smooth ionic motions and electrolyte wetting [1,[3][4][5]. Carbon materials such as activated carbon (AC) and its composites [3,6], activated carbon cloth (ACC) and its titania modified material [7,8], carbon aerogel [9,10], carbon nanotubes (CNT) and its carbon nanofibre (CNF) composite [11], ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) [1,4] and graphene [12], have been studied for as electrode materials for CDI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of novel MnO2/nanoporous carbon composite electrodes in capacitive deionization technology

et al. 2011

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Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a technology for desalination and water purification that charged ions are electrosorbed on the porous electrodes, thus its performance largely affected by choice of electrodes. In this paper, the MnO 2 /nanoporous carbon composites were prepared and used as electrodes in CDI. Salt removal efficiency for the MnO 2 /nanoporous carbon was 16.9 μmol/g which was higher than 5.4 μmol/g of the commercially available activated carbon (AC). The nanoporous carbons were synthesised using silica templates while their composites were prepared by a co-precipitation method and were characterised carefully. The capacitance of the MnO 2 /carbon composites (204.7 F/g) was higher than the AC (98.6 F/g). The capacitance increase may be attributed to the high surface area and suitable pore size distribution properties. Moreover, the MnO 2 film provided a high surface adsorption capability and an effective cation intercalation.

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“…The last decades, special high ion absorbing carbon has been developed for use in super capacitors [47][48][49][50] and in capacitive deionization (CDI) [51,52]. If this material is used as electrode in a RED stack, during a certain time an internal ionic current can persist.…”

Section: Capacitive Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reverse electrodialysis: evaluation of suitable electrode systems

Veerman

Saakes²,

Metz³

et al. 2010

J Appl Electrochem

236

188

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Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is a method for directly extracting electrical energy from salinity gradients, especially from sea and river water. For the commercial implementation of RED, the electrode system is a key component. In this paper, novel electrode systems for RED were compared with existing systems on safety, health, environment, technical feasibility and economics. Systems with inert DSA-type electrodes and a NaCl-HCl supporting electrolyte with the reversible Fe 2? /Fe 3? redox couple or the [Fe(CN) 6 ] 4-/Fe(CN) 6 ] 3-couple achieved the highest ranking. Improvements of the electrode system are also discussed like the use of special stable metal electrodes, graphite electrodes, other reversible redox couples, capacitive electrodes and electrolytes with carbon particles.

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Using mesoporous carbon electrodes for brackish water desalination

Cited by 353 publications

References 25 publications

High-Surface-Area Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Hemp Bast Fiber Using Hydrothermal Processing

High-Surface-Area Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Hemp Bast Fiber Using Hydrothermal Processing

Development of novel MnO2/nanoporous carbon composite electrodes in capacitive deionization technology

Reverse electrodialysis: evaluation of suitable electrode systems

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