Using Na2CO3 as an additive to enhance the growth kinetics of iron grains during carbo-thermic reduction of ilmenite concentrate

Lv, Xiaodong; Hou, Youling; Xin, Yuntao; Lv, Xuewei

doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117592

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The production of sodium oxide from the decomposition of Na 2 CO 3 results in lattice distortion and the generation of distortion energy. This can decrease the activation energy for iron diffusion, accelerating the process and making the iron grains larger. , …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This can decrease the activation energy for iron diffusion, accelerating the process and making the iron grains larger. 36 , 37 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This can decrease the activation energy for iron diffusion, accelerating the process and making the iron grains larger. 36,37 Sulfur is distributed along the iron-slag boundaries, indicating the formation of sulfide phases. This fact indicates that FeS (in the liquid phase) remains liquid between the solidified iron nugget-slag boundaries due to its low melting point.…”

Section: Phase Transformations During Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microstructure Evolution and Phase Transformation of Iron Produced from the Sustainable Carbothermic Reduction Process of High-Pressure Acid Leaching Residue

Setiawan,

Harjanto,

Kawigraha

et al. 2023

ACS Omega

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This paper describes the microstructure evolution and phase transformation of residue from the lateritic nickel ore high-pressure acid leaching (HPAL) during carbothermic reduction using palm kernel shell (PKS) charcoal as a reductant. The study consisted of thermodynamic calculations combined with analysis of reduction experiments. The thermodynamic assessment predicted that the main phases formed during the reduction process were γ-Fe metal, liquid metal, slag, and spinel, with abundance of reducing gas (CO and H2) at the temperature range of 750–1500 °C. The experimental study shows that the resulting product upon cooling was sponge iron or direct reduced iron when HPAL residue-PKS charcoal composites were reacted up to 1400 °C for 45 min. The sponge iron had an average apparent density of 5.8 ± 0.1 g/cm3 and a 90.8 ± 0.4% metallization degree. The microstructure analysis revealed that as the reduction time was increased, small iron nuggets began forming on the surface of the reduced product. By addition of Na2CO3, the separation of iron nuggets from slag appeared to be improved, hence enhancing the overall reduction process. Furthermore, iron nuggets’ highest apparent density and metallization degree were obtained at 7 ± 0.1 g/cm3 and 98 ± 0.5%, respectively, when adding Na2CO3 of 6 wt %. The phase and microstructure analyses also revealed that the iron nuggets comprised coarse pearlite, eutectic cementite, ledeburite, and sulfides. Thus, this study offers alternative sustainable process conditions for simultaneously handling the HPAL residue using PKS waste to produce metallic iron.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This can decrease the activation energy for iron diffusion, accelerating the process and making the iron grains larger. 36 , 37 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Phase Transformations During Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Microstructure Evolution and Phase Transformation of Iron Produced from the Sustainable Carbothermic Reduction Process of High-Pressure Acid Leaching Residue

Setiawan,

Harjanto,

Kawigraha

et al. 2023

ACS Omega

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show abstract

“…Therefore, borax not only helped the reduction of the iron-bearing phase to Fe, but also promoted the separation between Fe and Ti. 4)-( 6) [25].…”

Section: Effects Of Borax On the Mineral Phases Of Reduced Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since borax (Na 2 B 4 O 7 ) could dissociate Na 2 O at 1150 • C, then Na 2 O would combine with SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 to replace FeO and promote the transformation from FeO to Fe, which could improve the metallization rate of the reduced product. The reaction equations are shown in Equations (4)-(6)[25].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Borax and Grinding Alkalinity on the Reduction–Magnetic Separation of Beach Placer

Hu¹,

Gao

et al. 2023

Metals

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The effect of borax on the reduction characteristics of Indonesia beach placers was investigated. The effect of grinding alkalinity on the magnetic separation of the reduced sample was also studied in this paper. The mineral phase transformation, microstructures of reduction, and magnetic separation products were analyzed to reveal the enhanced separation mechanism of titanium and iron in beach placer. The borax could effectively improve the metallization rate and the growth of iron grains in a reduced sample. When 3% borax was added to the reduction process, the metallization rate of the reduced beach placer reached 95.64%, and the metal iron grains grew to about 50 μm. Adjusting the grinding alkalinity could prevent the metallic iron from being oxidized and promote the monomer dissociation between mineral particles. The iron powder concentrates with 94.07% total Fe and vanadium-rich titanium slag with 36.32% Ti were obtained by grinding magnetic separation as the grinding alkalinity pH was 13.

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Effects of Na2O on Crystallization of Converter Slag

Muvunyi,

Xu,

et al. 2024

J. Sustain. Metall.

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Using Na2CO3 as an additive to enhance the growth kinetics of iron grains during carbo-thermic reduction of ilmenite concentrate

Cited by 9 publications

References 25 publications

Microstructure Evolution and Phase Transformation of Iron Produced from the Sustainable Carbothermic Reduction Process of High-Pressure Acid Leaching Residue

Microstructure Evolution and Phase Transformation of Iron Produced from the Sustainable Carbothermic Reduction Process of High-Pressure Acid Leaching Residue

Effects of Borax and Grinding Alkalinity on the Reduction–Magnetic Separation of Beach Placer

Effects of Na2O on Crystallization of Converter Slag

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