“…The extant literature thus illustrates that automobile manufacturers use various different measures to improve a vehicle's environmental performance, albeit they rarely release any detailed technical information to the general public (Hardwick and Outteridge, 2016;Lim, 2016;Rana and Singh, 2016). Nevertheless, the academic discourse is that automobile manufacturers are utilising weight reduction technology to develop innovative vehicle designs that reduce greenhouse gas emissions (Fragner et al, 2016). Automotive engineers refer mass reduction of vehicle to "weight creep", in which as the car size increases, the mass automatically increases, where innovative material substitutions on the engine or smaller body parts of the car are common (Holmes, 2017;Jinturkar et al, 2017;Muthuraj et al, 2017).…”