“…Telangiectasias or spider veins [23][24][25][26] Reticular veins [27,28] Level A perforating veins and the superficial veins close, forcing blood to flow proximally at a high pressure to the deep venous system. Because of prolonged gravitational hydrostatic pressure, in predisposed individuals, there is a sequential retrograde failure of the venous valves, leading to venous hypertension and varicose veins.…”