Using the False Memory Paradigm to Test Two Key Elements of Alcohol Expectancy Theory.

Reich, Richard R.; Goldman, Mark S.; Noll, Jane A.

doi:10.1037/1064-1297.12.2.102

Cited by 83 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Higher rates of false memory are thought to indicate greater associations between studied words and denser networks of such associations (McEvoy, Nelson, & Komatsu, 1999). Reich, Goldman, & Noll (2004) adapt this task to assess alcohol expectancy memory associations by having participants study alcohol expectancy word lists in a simulated bar. The false memory list created for this study includes 12 presented alcohol expectancy words and 3 non-presented targets.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Explicit and implicit measures of expectancy and related alcohol cognitions: A meta-analytic comparison.

Reich

Below

Goldman

2010

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

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Implicit measures assess the influence of past experience on present behavior in the absence of respondents’ awareness of that influence. Application of implicit measurement to expectancy and related alcohol cognition research has helped elucidate the links between alcohol-related experiences, the functioning of alcohol-related memory, and alcohol-related behavior. Despite these advances, a coherent picture of the role of implicit measurement has been difficult to achieve due to the diversity of implicit measures used. Two central questions have emerged: do implicit measures assess a distinct aspect of the alcohol associative memory domain not accessible via explicit measurement; and, when compared to explicit measurement, do they offer unique prediction of alcohol consumption? To the end of addressing these questions, a meta-analysis of studies using both implicit and explicit measures of alcohol expectancy and other types of alcohol-related cognition is conducted. Results indicate that implicit and explicit measures are weakly related, and while they predict some shared variance in drinking, each also contributes a unique component. Results are discussed in the context of the theoretical distinction made between the two types of measures.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Explicit and implicit measures of expectancy and related alcohol cognitions: A meta-analytic comparison.

Reich

Below

Goldman

2010

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

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139

120

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“…Methods and strategies applied to addiction have included, for example, process dissociation (Fillmore et al 1999), illusory memory (Reich et al 2004, Zack et al 2009), famous name (Krank & Swift 1994), and extralist cued-recall paradigms (Stacy 1994). One of the interesting features of these procedures is that although memory is tested with direct (explicit) instructions, strategic manipulations of the structure of word lists, of recall cues, instructions, delay intervals, and other features of the procedure often allow for inferences of implicit processes.…”

Section: Summary Of Supportive Findings In College Students and Adultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One explanation is that the critical associate was implicitly activated during the presentation of the study list and thus people remember this activated word as if it had been presented (e.g., McEvoy et al 1999, Roediger & McDermott 1995). In a clever application of the DRM procedure to addictions, Reich et al (2004) presented participants with a list of alcohol adjectives. A subsequent recognition test was given either in a neutral or in an alcohol-related context.…”

Section: Summary Of Supportive Findings In College Students and Adultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit Cognition and Addiction: A Tool for Explaining Paradoxical Behavior

Stacy

Wiers

2010

Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol.

525

469

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Research on implicit cognition and addiction has expanded greatly during the past decade. This research area provides new ways to understand why people engage in behaviors that they know are harmful or counterproductive in the long run. Implicit cognition takes a different view from traditional cognitive approaches to addiction by assuming that behavior is often not a result of a reflective decision that takes into account the pros and cons known by the individual. Instead of a cognitive algebra integrating many cognitions relevant to choice, implicit cognition assumes that the influential cognitions are the ones that are spontaneously activated during critical decision points. This selective review highlights many of the consistent findings supporting predictive effects of implicit cognition on substance use and abuse in adolescents and adults; reveals a recent integration with dual-process models; outlines the rapid evolution of different measurement tools; and introduces new routes for intervention.

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“…In contrast, light drinkers most associate alcohol's sedating and negative effects. Recent studies in both children and adults using cognitive “first-associate” methodology (Dunn & Goldman, 2000; Reich & Goldman, 2005), various implicit cognitive tasks (Stroop task, hybrid cue priming, false memory task; Kramer & Goldman, 2003; Reich, Goldman, & Noll, 2004; Reich, Noll, & Goldman, 2005), and expectancy priming of actual alcohol consumption (Carter et al, 1998; Roehrich & Goldman, 1995; Sharkansky & Finn, 1998; Stein et al, 2000) have shown concordance between these statistically generated models and behavior on laboratory tasks that probe actual memory contents and processes.…”

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confidence: 92%

The P300 as an electrophysiological probe of alcohol expectancy.

Fishman

Goldman

Donchin

2008

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology

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Language-based measures indicate that alcohol expectancies influence alcohol consumption. To relate these measures to brain actions that precede verbal output, the P300 component of the Eventrelated potentials (ERPs) was used to detect violations of individually held alcohol expectancies. As predicted, P300 amplitude elicited by negative alcohol expectancy stimuli was positively correlated with endorsement of positive/arousing alcohol expectancies on the language-based measure, such that the higher an individual's positive/arousing expectancies, the larger was the P300 elicited by negative alcohol expectancy stimuli. These results demonstrated concordance between languagebased measures of alcohol expectancies and electrophysiological probes of expectancy. Although whether these expectancy processes are integral to decision pathways that influence consumption is unknown, these findings suggest that such processing can occur very quickly outside of conscious deliberation. Keywordsalcohol expectancies and event-related potentials; P300 and alcohol cognitions; electrophysiological index of alcohol expectanciesResearchers from diverse domains have increasingly recognized that the brain functions as an "anticipatory machine" (Dennett, 1991) that acquires and stores expectancies of relationships among contexts, specific stimuli, behavioral outputs, and outcomes (Grossberg, 1995;Huron, 2006;Goldman, 2002;Goldman, Darkes, Reich, & Brandon, 2006;Raichle, 2006). In both animals and humans, the comparison of sensory input with learned expectations has been deemed central to virtually all psychological/ behavioral output (Grossberg, 1995), including such widely diverse phenomena as animal reward and reinforcement (Kupfermann, Kandel, & Iversen, 2000;Schultz, Dayan, & Montague, 1997;Schultz, 2004), classical and operant conditioning (Dragoi & Staddon, 1999;Kirsch, Lynn, Vigorito, & Miller, 2004;Van Hamme & Wasserman, 1994), comparative judgment (Heekeren, Marrett, Bandettini, & Ungerleider, 2004;Ritov, 2000), music appreciation (Huron, 2006;Krumhansl, 2002), perception of motion (Kerzel, 2005) and time (Correa, Lupianez, & Tudela, 2005), development of language (Colunga & Smith, 2005), interpersonal trust (King-Casas, Tomlin, & Anen, 2005), and placebo effects (Kirsch & Scoboria, 2001). Because anticipatory/expectancy processes also have been explicated in studies that relate neurophysiological activity to information Correspondence concerning this article should be directed to: Mark S. Goldman, Ph.D., University of South Florida, Department of Psychology, PCD 4118G, 4204 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620-7200, goldman@cas.usf.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: The following manuscript is the final accepted manuscript. It has not been subjected to the final copyediting, fact-checking, and proofreading required for formal publication. It is not the definitive, publisher-authenticated version. The American Psychological Association and its Council of Editors disclaim any responsibility or liabilities for errors or omissions...

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Using the False Memory Paradigm to Test Two Key Elements of Alcohol Expectancy Theory.

Cited by 83 publications

References 45 publications

Explicit and implicit measures of expectancy and related alcohol cognitions: A meta-analytic comparison.

Explicit and implicit measures of expectancy and related alcohol cognitions: A meta-analytic comparison.

Implicit Cognition and Addiction: A Tool for Explaining Paradoxical Behavior

The P300 as an electrophysiological probe of alcohol expectancy.

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