Using the PRAPARE Tool to Examine Those Tested and Testing Positive for COVID-19 at a Community Health Center

Abstract

The PRAPARE (Protocol for Responding to and Assessing Patients’ Assets, Risks, and Experiences) tool is an instrument that has been used to assess social determinants of health within community health centers in the US. We sought to examine the association between PRAPARE scores and getting tested for and testing positive with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. We used medical record data collected from a community health center in the US between March-August 2020. Employing logistic regression analyzes, we explored the association between demographic factors, history of screening positive for depression, and PRAPARE scores and patients’ odds of getting tested and testing positive for COVID-19. While variables such as ethnicity mirrored similar findings from other sources, we found the PRAPARE score to be associated with increased odds of being tested for COVID-19; however, it was not significantly associated with testing positive. These findings can help health care workers and health educators craft messages to explain screening protocols for communicable diseases, such as COVID-19, to best reach vulnerable populations.

Social Determinants of Health are Associated with Coping of Informal Caregivers of Adults with Heart Failure

“…The sample (n = 250) was predominately White, female older adults with SDH risk tally scores consistent with the general population (Luzius et al, 2022), moderate perceived stress scores, and high caregiver burden scores compared to previous studies (Thodi et al, 2023). Most caregivers were spouses of the patient, reporting an average caregiving duration of 7 ± 9.5 years and providing care for a median of 3.25 hours per day (Table 1).…”

Covid-19 and alcohol associated liver disease

“…Identifying patients that need resources and who may be unable to fully engage in virtual-based treatment can be assessed using socioeconomic screening tools. The PRAPARE (Protocol for Responding to and Assessing Patients’ Assess, Risks, and Experiences) screening tool has been used during the COVID-19 pandemic to screen for socioeconomic insecurity [74] . This tool assesses patients on 4 domains (personal characteristics, family and home life, money and resources, and social and emotional health) with structured and validated questions.…”

Social Risk of Pregnant Women at a Community Health Center: An Application of the PRAPARE Assessment Tool

“…Helping link this vulnerable population to such resources could improve generations of collective health. Further, this instrument has been used in a similar study that examined social risk related to the COVID-19 pandemic [ 7 ]. The PRARARE tool can be used to examine social needs among a wide range of populations, and associations between this instrument and a variety of health conditions or outcomes can be explored.…”

“…The overall risk score produced from the PRAPARE tool was used to identify patients above “low” social risk for poor health outcomes. Full details about the PRAPARE instrument have been cited elsewhere [ 7 , 17 ]. All PRAPARE items came from the national PRAPARE social determinants of health assessment protocol, developed and owned by the National Association of Community Health Centers, in partnership with the Association of Asian Pacific Community Health Organization, the Oregon Primary Care Association, and the Institute for Alternative Futures.…”

“…PRAPARE is designed to assess SDoH risk through stratification, providing a threshold of risk level. While this tool collects data about individual patients, few studies use PRAPARE responses to assess the associations found in individual factors and overall SDoHs from certain populations [ 7 , 8 ]. Moreover, studies have examined race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status in relation to maternal outcomes, but the limited scope of the SDoHs studied creates a need for research in all domains such as housing stability and food security [ 3 ].…”