Utilization of Carbon Dots Derived from Volvariella volvacea Mushroom for a Highly Sensitive Detection of Fe3+ and Pb2+ Ions in Aqueous Solutions

Abstract

In this study, Volvariella volvacea (VV) mushroom was utilized as a green carbon precursor to synthesize carbon dots (CDs) and applied as a fluorescent (FL) sensor to detect Fe3+ and Pb2+ ions. The VV-CDs showed a high photostability and FL properties with a quantum yield of about 11.5%. The VV-CDs exhibited an excitation-dependent emission manner, with an optimum emission wavelength at 440 nm excited at 360 nm. The VV-CDs were evaluated and shown to be facile and effective FL sensors for detecting Pb2+ and Fe3+ ions based on the FL quenching efficiency, demonstrating the special complex chelate between the metal ions and effective surface functional groups of VV-CDs. VV-CDs displayed high responses to Fe3+ and Pb2+ ions, with the linear relationship of 1-100 μM and limits of detection (LODs) of 12 and 16 nM for Pb2+ and Fe3+ ions, respectively. Furthermore, the FL sensor was validated with real water samples, showing very good spike recoveries.

Humic Acids Affect the Detection of Metal Ions by Cyanobacteria Carbon Quantum Dots Differently

“…It was the complexation between CQDs and Fe 3+ that resulted in electrons transfer from the CQDs to Fe 3+ and a resultant static FL quenching of the CQDs [ 45 ]. The –COOH and –OH functional groups on the CQDs mainly contributed to interacting with Fe 3+ [ 46 ]. The LOD of the cyanobacteria CQDs to Fe 3+ was 0.6026 mg L −1 with a high regression coefficiency (R 2 ) of 0.999.…”

Dual functions of metal ion detection and antibacterial activity of sulfur quantum dots

“…This observation elucidates a possible static quenching mechanism in sensing Pb(II) ions by SQDs. [56][57][58] Similarly, in the presence of Bi(III), the overall changes in the slower and faster decay constants exist but not progressively from the original values (Table S1, ESI †). But at some concentrations of Bi(III), especially at 125, 175, 200, and 250 mM, significant changes were observed at the average decay constant values, but not progressive.…”

A Review on Carbon Dots: Synthesis, Characterization and Its Application in Optical Sensor for Environmental Monitoring

“…Due to the concerns about improving and protecting living organisms, more optical detection methods that utilize CDs as a sensing element have been developed to detect Fe 2+/3+ [ 13 , 22 , 38 , 40 , 72 , 78 , 87 , 124 , 135 , 142 , 151 , 159 , 166 , 169 , 219 , 226 ], Cu 2+ [ 53 , 66 , 97 , 141 , 227 , 239 ], Pb 2+ [ 65 , 87 , 181 , 240 ], Cr 6+/4+ [ 23 , 85 , 193 , 241 ], and Co 2+ [ 51 ]. For instance, Shamsipur et al (2018) prepared green-emitting CDs instead of common blue-emitting CDs for selective and sensitive detection of Fe 3+ [ 159 ].…”

“…The conversion of fungi/bacteria species into a value-added product such as carbonaceous nanomaterials has contributed to the green and sustainable improvement. Algal blooms [83], yogurt [84], enokitake mushroom [85], microalgae biochar [86], mushroom [87], agarose waste [88], and Shewanella oneidensis [89] have been previously chosen as a carbon resource (Table 6). A study conducted by Pacquiao et al (2018) demonstrated the increment of quantum yield of 11% to 39% upon passivation with tetraethylenepentamine in the presence of 5% v/v sulfuric acid [85].…”