Utilizing apolipoprotein E genotypes and associated comorbidities for the assessment of the risk for dementia

Abstract

IntroductionDementia is associated with many comorbidities while being related to Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) polymorphism. However, it is unclear how these clinical illnesses and genetic factors modify the dementia risk.MethodsWe enrolled 600 dementia cases and 6000 matched non-dementia controls, with identified ApoE genotype (ε4/ε4, ε4/ε3, and ε3/ε3). Eight comorbidities were selected by medical records, and counted if occurring within 3 years of enrollment.ResultsThe dementia group had a higher ratio of carrying ε4 allele and prevalence of comorbidities than the non-dementia group. Homozygous ε4 carriers presented the broken line of dementia risk with the peak age at 65–75 years and odds ratio (OR) up to 6.6. The risk only emerged after 65 years of age in ε3/ε4 subjects with OR around 1.6–2.4 when aged > 75 years. Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is the commonest comorbidity (14.6%). CVA, sleep disorder, and functional gastrointestinal disorders remained as significant risk comorbidities for dementia throughout all age groups (OR = 1.7–5.0). When functional gastrointestinal disorder and ε4 allele both occurred, the dementia risk exceeded the summation of individual risks (OR = 3.7 and 1.9 individually, OR = 6.0 for the combination). Comorbidities could also be predictors of dementia.ConclusionCombining the genetic and clinical information, we detected cognitive decline and optimize interventions early when the patients present a specific illness in a particular age and carry a specific ApoE allele. Of comorbidities, functional gastrointestinal disorder is the strongest predicting factor for dementia in ε4 allele carriers.

Risk Polymorphisms of FNDC5, BDNF, and NTRK2 and Poor Education Interact and Aggravate Age-Related Cognitive Decline

“…In line with this scenario, many studies have searched for biomarkers that more accurately anticipate the multifactorial risks related to pathological aging, providing individualized preventive actions [6]. Although out of the scope of this study, evidence-based information on brain dysfunction at the molecular, cellular, systemic, and behavioral scales, associating risk factors and corresponding preventive actions, is available elsewhere and may be useful to policymakers [7][8][9][10][11][12][13].…”