Utilizing Immunoinformatics to Target Brain Tumors; An Aid to Current Neurosurgical Practice

Abstract

Context: Despite major advancements in the field, the current neurosurgical practice requires an interdisciplinary approach. It is known that surgical practice and other cancer-eliminating treatments can be combined for optimal results. However, recent attempts have failed to address many debilitating conditions, indicating an emergent need for novel interdisciplinary therapeutic approaches. Evidence Acquisition: We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for the keywords “immunoinformatics,” “in silico,” “neurology,” and “neurosurgery.” Without time restriction. Results: The immune system is versatile because it is involved in physiological brain function and affects the course of central nervous system (CNS) disease and infection. A novel approach combines neurosurgery and immunoinformatics for optimal results. For instance, brain tumors, such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), are still associated with a severely reduced survival of patients, and resection of tumors may provide little help. In silico approaches could help to identify molecular pathways and design immunotherapies for such conditions at a significantly increased speed compared to traditional vaccinology approaches. Conclusions: The neurosurgical practice could be affected by different infectious organisms. These organisms can be targeted by in silico vaccinology techniques. Here, we provide a brief overview of bioinformatics/immunoinformatics and discuss the possible role of immunoinformatics in neurosurgery. In light of the current Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, projections for future studies are also included.

Surgical tool entrapment in a young patient with recurrent lumbar spinal stenosis: a case report

“…In silico methods may be useful for the rapid design and development of immunotherapeutics. [21][22][23] The alloy used in the foreign object may be important in the development of different immune reactions. Titanium alloy and stainless-steel alloy group implantation influence TLR-4 pathways and CD4 + CD25 + T reg -cells in various ways.…”

“…In addition, one novel approach to target immune reactions to the implants and accidentally left pieces of neurosurgical tools is to target immunological elements that mediate inflammatory processes, such as toll‐like receptors (TLRs), inflammasomes, and adaptive immune system components. In silico methods may be useful for the rapid design and development of immunotherapeutics 21–23 . The alloy used in the foreign object may be important in the development of different immune reactions.…”

Matrix metalloproteinase/Fas ligand (MMP/FasL) interaction dynamics in COVID-19: An in silico study and neuroimmune perspective

“…The overall quality score calculated by ProSA for a special input construct is shown in a graph that indicates the scores of every experimentally quantified protein structure accessible in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) [ 22 ]. ERRAT ProCheck is another tool that scores amino acids in 9-residue intervals [ 4 , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] ]. The quality of the modeled protein was verified by Ramachandran plot, ProSA, and UCLA SAVES 6 analyses ( Supplementary material ).…”

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) as a therapeutic approach in gait disorders: What does it bring to the table?

“…These immune elements modulate hyperinflammation and significantly contribute to neurological disorders. Immunoinformatics could help to develop immune-mediating therapeutics to this aim rapidly against CNS disorders ( Saleki et al, 2022a , Rahmani et al, 2021 , Saleki et al, 2022c , Saleki et al, 2022d ).…”