Vaccines and vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis

Abstract

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an emerging viral zoonosis and is endemic from Japan, China, Mongolia and Russia, to Central Europe and France. There is no specific treatment and TBE can be fatal. The four licensed prophylactic vaccines are produced according to WHO manufacturing requirements. Large clinical trials and postmarketing surveillance demonstrated safety and efficacy of the two European vaccines. The two Russian vaccines showed their effectiveness in daily use, but limited published data are available on controlled clinical trials. Vaccination recommendations in endemic areas vary significantly. In some countries, public vaccination programs are implemented. The WHO has recently issued recommendations on evidence-based use of TBE vaccines. However, more data are needed regarding safety, efficacy and long-term protection after vaccination.

Analysis of Efficacy and Safety of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccines

“…В исследо-вание было включено 325 детей и подростков в возрасте от 3 до 18 лет. Иммуногенность исследуемых вакцин при двукрат-ной вакцинации была одинаковой: отмечен четырехкратный прирост титров сывороточных антител [29,30]. Данные по им-муногенности (по показателю сероконверсии) представлены в таблице 2.…”

“…Заболеваемость КЭ регистрируется в 34 странах [2,3]. По данным научных публикаций, ареал рас-пространения КЭ ежегодно расширяется, случаи КЭ отмеча-ются на неэндемичных ранее территориях (районы Германии, Литвы, России и Швейцарии) [1,4,5].…”

Review of tick-borne encephalitis and vaccines: clinical and economical aspects

“…The European subtype of the virus is mostly found in Europe, the Siberian subtype occurs mainly in the Urals, Siberia and Far-Eastern Russian provinces and the Far-Eastern subtype is prevalent in Far-Eastern Russia, China and Japan [1,2]. All three subtypes co-circulate in the Baltic states and Finland [3,4].…”

“…In many parts of Europe, Asian Russia, Siberia and the Far East, the incidence is increasing and new foci have appeared because of increasing mobility, changes in lifestyle, human leisure activities, agricultural practices and effects of climate changes on vectors and reservoir hosts [2,7]. TBE is becoming a high burden locally as well as globally.…”

“…TBE is becoming a high burden locally as well as globally. It is believed that the incidence of TBE is underestimated [1, 2,7] and the true burden of TBE can therefore not be known [8]. Yet recently, the real burden measured in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) was estimated for Slovenia, inclusive of correction for underestimation, to show the true burden of the disease in this Central European country [9].…”