Vaccines for preventing malaria

Graves, Patricia M.; Gelband, Hellen

doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000129

Cited by 27 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Finally, even if and when the immunogenic antigens of Plasmodium are recognized, a diversity of clonal variants manages to escape the host's affinity-matured immune response [61,62]. These myriad mechanisms of concealment may explain the challenges of vaccination thus far, which suffer rates of protection no < 60% in clinical trials [63][64][65][66], with the degradation of naturally acquired immunity observed among those departing from high endemicity areas [67]. The fact that malaria has remained a challenge to humans despite our evolutionary and engineered counter-attacks is a testament to its immunologically furtive designs.…”

Section: Section 1: Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria and Abomentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium falciparummalaria and the immunogenetics of ABO, HLA, and CD36 (platelet glycoprotein IV)

2010

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Plasmodium falciparum malaria has long been a killer of the young, and has selected for polymorphisms affecting not only erythrocytes, but the immunogenetics of three histocompatibility systems: ABO, human leukocyte antigen (HLA), and CD36. The ABO system is important because the original allele, encoding glycosylation with the A sugar, acts as an adhesion ligand with infected red blood cells (iRBC), thereby promoting vasoocclusion. The prevalence of blood group O, which reduces this cytoadhesion, has increased in endemic areas. Other adaptations which could mitigate A-mediated rosetting include weaker A expression and increased soluble A secretion. The role of the HLA system in malaria has been harder to verify. Although HLA-B53 and DRB1*04 may be associated with clinical outcome, HLA studies are challenged by numerous comparisons in this most polymorphic of systems, and confounded by increasingly heterogeneous populations. Certain HLA markers may also reflect linkage artefact with other malaria-relevant polymorphisms. HLA may be less important because the parasite predominantly invades a compartment which does not express HLA. Adhesion of iRBCs is also mediated by CD36, expressed on platelets, monocytes, and microvascular endothelium. CD36 on monocytes is involved in clearing iRBC, while CD36 on platelets and the endothelium may play a role in tissue sequestration. The genetics of CD36 expression are complex, and recent research is fraught with inconsistent results. The solution may lie in examining genotype-phenotype correlations, zygosity effects on differential tissue expression, or other mechanisms altering CD36 tissue expression. Carefully designed prospective studies should bridge the gap between in-vitro observations and clinical outcomes.

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Section: Section 1: Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria and Abomentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium falciparummalaria and the immunogenetics of ABO, HLA, and CD36 (platelet glycoprotein IV)

2010

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“…Studies of pre-erythrocyte stage synthetic vaccines consisting of unmodified circumsporozoite protein (CSP) amino acid sequences, based on its tandem repeat sequences or elongated with T helper epitopes [61], have given negative results.…”

Section: The State Of Current Worldwide Anti-malarial Vaccine Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies for developing multi‐epitope, subunit‐based, chemically synthesized anti‐malarial vaccines

Patarroyo

Cifuentes

Bermúdez

et al. 2008

J Cellular Molecular Medi

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An anti-malarial vaccine against the extremely lethal Plasmodium falciparum is desperately needed. Peptides from this parasite's proteins involved in invasion and having high red blood cell-binding ability were identified; these conserved peptides were not immun genic or protection-inducing when used for immunizing Aotus monkeys. Modifying some critical binding residues in these high-activi binding peptides' (HABPs') attachment to red blood cells (RBC) allowed them to induce immunogenicity and protection against expermental challenge and acquire the ability to bind to specific HLA-DRp1* alleles. These modified HABPs adopted certain characterist structural configurations as determined by circular dichroism (CD) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) associated with certain HLA-DRβ1* haplotype binding activities and characteristics, such as a 2-Å-distance difference between amino acids fitting into HLA-DRp1 Pockets 1 to 9, residues participating in binding to HLA-DR pockets and residues making contact with the TCR, suggesting haplotyp and allele-conscious TCR. This has been demonstrated in HLA-DR-like genotyped monkeys and provides the basis for designing high effective, subunit-based, multi-antigen, multi-stage, synthetic vaccines, for immediate human use, malaria being one of them.

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“…Early studies involving the SPf66 vaccine demonstrated 10-30% effectiveness [63]. More recently, the SPf66 malaria vaccine has appeared to significantly reduce initial attacks of P. falciparum malaria according to a Cochrane collaborative review [64].…”

Section: Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria in Pregnancy

Álvarez

Al-Khan

Apuzzio

2005

Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology

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Recently, there has been a resurgence of malaria in densely populated areas of the United States secondary to human migration from endemic areas where factors such as cessation of vector control, vector resistance to insecticides, disease resistance to drugs, environmental changes, political instability, and indifference, have played a role for malaria becoming an overwhelming infection of these tropical underdeveloped countries. It is important for health care providers of gravida to be alert of the disease and its effects on pregnancy.

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Vaccines for preventing malaria

Cited by 27 publications

References 57 publications

Plasmodium falciparummalaria and the immunogenetics of ABO, HLA, and CD36 (platelet glycoprotein IV)

Plasmodium falciparummalaria and the immunogenetics of ABO, HLA, and CD36 (platelet glycoprotein IV)

Strategies for developing multi‐epitope, subunit‐based, chemically synthesized anti‐malarial vaccines

Malaria in Pregnancy

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