Vaginal discharge

Rice, Alexandra; ElWerdany, Mohamed; Hadoura, Essam; Mahmood, Tahir

doi:10.1016/j.ogrm.2016.08.002

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Fluctuating levels of estrogen and progesterone during the menstrual cycle greatly affect the consistency and composition of the physiological discharge. In addition to lactobacilli, other commensal organisms found in the vagina include streptococci, enterococci, and a few other organisms that form part of the normal flora, but that are associated with vaginal infections, including anaerobic Bacteroides , anaerobic cocci, Gardnerella vaginalis , and Candida [73]. In this respect, during an infectious period and depending on the severity of the changes in the microbiota, the clinical description of vaginal discharge changes and the discharge tends to be homogeneous, purulent, yellowish or yellow-green in color, and with a fishy or rotten odor [47].…”

Section: Physicochemical Changes Produced By Modification In Vaginmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modifications in Vaginal Microbiota and Their Influence on Drug Release: Challenges and Opportunities

et al. 2019

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Vaginal drug delivery represents an attractive alternative to achieve local and systemic effects due to the high contact surface exposed, the mucoadhesion of the epithelium, and the high innervation that facilitates the absorption of drugs into the bloodstream. However, despite the confinement of the vaginal cavity, it is an organ with a highly variable microenvironment. Mechanical alterations such as coitus, or chemical changes such as pH and viscosity, modify the release of drugs. In addition, changes in vaginal microbiota can influence the entire vaginal microenvironment, thus determining the disposition of drugs in the vaginal cavity and decreasing their therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, the influence of microorganisms on vaginal homeostasis can change the pre-established scenario for the application of drugs. This review aims to provide an explanation of normal vaginal microbiota, the factors that modify it, its involvement in the administration of drugs, and new proposals for the design of novel pharmaceutical dosage forms. Finally, challenges and opportunities directed toward the conception of new effective formulations are discussed.

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Section: Physicochemical Changes Produced By Modification In Vaginmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modifications in Vaginal Microbiota and Their Influence on Drug Release: Challenges and Opportunities

et al. 2019

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“…It's caused by an imbalance of yeast and bacteria in the vaginal microflora. Vaginal yeast infections, bacterial vaginosis, and other sexually transmitted illnesses can all produce variations in vaginal discharge (1).…”

Section: A Vaginal Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaginal Infection: Review Article

Al-Mugdadi¹,

Al-Zwaini²,

Sayyid³

2022

UTJsci

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Vaginitis is a disorder characterized regarding to abnormal bad odor vaginal discharge, discomfort , itching, and burning. Bacterial vaginosis, particularly Gardnerella vaginalis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, particularly Candida albicans, and trichomoniasis are the most common causes of vaginitis. When a cause is established, bacterial vaginosis is implicated in 40% to 50% of cases, with vulvovaginal candidiasis accounting for 20% to 25% of cases and trichomoniasis accounting for 15% to 20% of cases. Physical examination , symptoms, , and laboratory testing are used for final identification. Gardnerella vaginalis DNA or vaginal fluid sialidase activity, as well as Gram stain, are now available in newer laboratory assays. A mixture of clinical manifestations, as well as potassium hydroxide microscopy, are used to diagnose vulvovaginal candidiasis. Culture and DNA probe testing are also available. For such diagnosis of trichomoniasis in asymptomatic or high-risk women, molecular approaches (nucleic acid amplification) are indicated. This study aimed to review the most recent knowledge on vaginal infection, with the most common causal agents being bacteria, yeast, and parasites Keywords—component, formatting, style, styling, insert.

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“…Fluctuations in oestrogen and progesterone levels can alter the consistency and composition of the discharge. 4 Because the quality and quantity of vaginal discharge vary during the ovulatory and menstrual cycles throughout a woman's life, defining normality for the amount of vaginal discharge is difficult. Thus, some women may perceive a normal physiological vaginal discharge as abnormal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vaginal discharge is physiological and subject to hormonal variations. Fluctuations in oestrogen and progesterone levels can alter the consistency and composition of the discharge 4. Because the quality and quantity of vaginal discharge vary during the ovulatory and menstrual cycles throughout a woman’s life, defining normality for the amount of vaginal discharge is difficult.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenomenology, disability and sexual functioning in female Dhat syndrome: a study of tertiary care gynaecology outpatients

et al. 2022

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BackgroundDhat syndrome, a clinical condition related to semen loss in urine often found among males in India, has rarely been described as a separate clinical condition in females. Women with the syndrome complain of passing vaginal discharge and can be excessively concerned and preoccupied with it, often attributing various physical symptoms to the loss of vaginal fluids.AimsThis study aimed to assess the sociodemographic and clinical profiles of female patients with Dhat syndrome and their perceived stress, disability and sexual functioning.MethodsSociodemographic details of 70 females with non-pathological vaginal discharge were evaluated with a semistructured sociodemographic assessment. The phenomenology of the vaginal discharge was assessed with the Scale for Assessment of Female Dhat Syndrome Questionnaire. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Perceived stress in the past month and disability caused by the illness were assessed with the Perceived Stress Scale and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale. In addition, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Level 2 Somatic Symptoms Scale was administered to rate the severity of somatic symptoms, and sexual functioning was evaluated using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) scale for women who had had sexual intercourse in the past month.ResultsThe mean age of onset vaginal discharge was 23.0 (6.6) years. Biological factors, such as urinary tract infection, were the commonly attributed cause of the loss of vaginal fluids. Psychiatric comorbidity and perceived moderate stress in the past month were found in 38.6% and 68.6% of female patients with Dhat syndrome, respectively. Disability scores tended to be low. Among the females having had sexual intercourse in the past month, 48.3% had FSFI scores indicative of a female sexual disorder.ConclusionsThe clinical presentation of women with non-pathological vaginal discharge is similar to that of males with Dhat syndrome. It requires comprehensive assessment and management that targets the biological, social and psychological factors and cultural issues.

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Vaginal discharge

Cited by 9 publications

References 3 publications

Modifications in Vaginal Microbiota and Their Influence on Drug Release: Challenges and Opportunities

Modifications in Vaginal Microbiota and Their Influence on Drug Release: Challenges and Opportunities

Vaginal Infection: Review Article

Phenomenology, disability and sexual functioning in female Dhat syndrome: a study of tertiary care gynaecology outpatients

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