Vaginal Microbiota Composition Correlates Between Pap Smear Microscopy and Next Generation Sequencing and Associates to Socioeconomic Status

Virtanen, Seppo; Rantsi, Tiina; Virtanen, Anni; Kervinen, Kaisa; Nieminen, Pekka; Kalliala, Ilkka; Salonen, Anne

doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44157-8

Cited by 40 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Most of the population set was characterized as mestizo ethnicity. Further studies should evaluate a more profound impact of host socioeconomic or educational factors on vaginal microbiota, as previous epidemiological studies in other countries 61 , 66 , 67 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In agreement, other studies also revealed that the use of oral contraceptives, intrauterine device, and barrier methods were not related to the risk of vaginal infection 53 , 55 , 56 . It is important to remember that intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as age, ethnicity, menstruation cycle, lifestyle habits, use of contraceptives and antibiotics may have an impact on the vaginal microbiota 57 – 61 . Associations between the microbiota plus background variables and clinical outcomes in different stages of a woman’s life are complex, and which intrinsic or external factors drive the community composition it is not fully understood 61 , 62 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is important to remember that intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as age, ethnicity, menstruation cycle, lifestyle habits, use of contraceptives and antibiotics may have an impact on the vaginal microbiota 57 – 61 . Associations between the microbiota plus background variables and clinical outcomes in different stages of a woman’s life are complex, and which intrinsic or external factors drive the community composition it is not fully understood 61 , 62 . Behavioral factors, such as sexual behavior and methods of birth control, may contribute to lactobacilli reduction and leading to an intermediate microbiota or even a vaginal infection 54 , 63 – 65 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vaginal microbiota evaluation and prevalence of key pathogens in ecuadorian women: an epidemiologic analysis

Salinas

Osorio

Pacha-Herrera

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Vaginal infection is a gynecological problem in women of reproductive age with multiple health outcomes. The most common forms of infection include bacterial vaginosis (BV), vulvovaginal candidiasis (VC), and aerobic vaginitis (AV). Our main goals were to evaluate different types of vaginal infections in Ecuadorian women in a large urban area (Quito) and to characterize the vaginal microbiota colonization by opportunistic species. We collected vaginal swabs and epidemiological surveys from 414 women from June 2016 to July of 2017. We analyzed vaginal samples for the presence of any vaginal infection. The microbiological examination was done through Gram-stain, wet mount smears, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays using primers for target genes, such as 16S rRNA (Atopobium vaginae, Mobiluncus mulieris, and Gardnerella species), ddl (Enterococcus faecalis), adk (Escherichia coli) and KER1 (Candida albicans) genes. Most women showed a healthy vaginal microbiota (66.7%). Nearly one-tenth (10.4%) of the participants had intermediate microbiota, and the remaining women (22.9%) had a single vaginal infection (BV, AV, or VC) or coinfections. From the 95 participants that had an infection, AV was the main diagnosed vaginal infection (51.6%), followed by BV (24.2%) and finally VC (7.4%). The remaining women (16.8%) showed coinfections, being BV and AV the most common coinfection. Using univariable logistic regression analyses we found an increased odds of healthy microbiota in women with a sexual partner (P = 0.02, OR = 1.64). Also, women in a free union relationship (P = 0.000, OR = 16.65) had an increased odds of having coinfections. On the other hand, the use of birth control (condom OR = 0.388 or other contraceptive method OR = 0.363) was associated with significantly lower odds of intermediate microbiota (P ≤ 0.05). We found no statistically significant differences between women with infection and a particular group age. Using multivariate logistic regression analyses we initially found an increased odds of having BV in women with M. mulieris (P = 0.020, OR = 4.98) and Gardnerella species (P = 0.010, OR = 4.16). Women with E. coli showed an increased odds of having AV (P = 0.009, OR = 2.81). The presence of C. albicans in women showed an increased odds of having VC (P = 0.007, OR = 17.94). Finally, women with M. mulieris showed a reverse odds of having healthy microbiota (P = 0.008, OR = 0.06). We found no statistically significant differences between women with symptomatic and asymptomatic infections or the presence of Enterococcus faecalis. We found using logistic regression analyses that M. mulieris was the most prevalent opportunistic pathogen among women with vaginal infection. Further studies should evaluate the possibility to use M. mulieris as a potential key predictor for vaginal infections.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Vaginal microbiota evaluation and prevalence of key pathogens in ecuadorian women: an epidemiologic analysis

Salinas

Osorio

Pacha-Herrera

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Functional analysis (genome annotation) of the cervicovaginal microbiome whole metagenome shotgun sequencing dataset using Pfam (Protein families) and Gene Ontology (GO) databases generated a set of 98 functional profiles for the 15 cervicovaginal samples with the following ontologies: biological processes (38), cellular components (25) and molecular functions (35). The biological functions which were visualized in the form of a heatmap (Supplementary Figure S2 and Table S9) Table S10).…”

Section: Function Of the Cervicovaginal Microbiomementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, among women of varying ethnicity and age, and regardless of the number of women under study, this diversity seems to have compositional and structural constraints [13,16,21,22,23,24,25]. Hence, the recognition of five distinct community state types (CSTs): I, II, III, IV and depth assessment of the characteristics (microbial function, composition and structure) of the vaginal ecosystem, its resistome and local immune inflammatory responses are of principal importance in understanding regulation of the cervicovaginal microbiome, vaginal health and disease prevention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and regulation of the cervicovaginal microbiome in a cohort of Afro-Caribbean women

Roachford¹,

Alleyne²,

Kuelbs³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background The cervicovaginal microbiome, with its well documented dynamic community state types (CSTs I-V) is known to interact with the host immune system in a complex regulatory ecosystem that guards against dysbiosis and invading pathogens. However, the regulatory mechanism of the cervicovaginal microbiome in vaginal eubiosis is not well understood. Therefore, we characterized the cervicovaginal microbiome in a cohort of Afro-Caribbean women to the species-strain taxonomic level using high-throughput targeted sequencing and shotgun metagenomics and conceptualized a hypothetical model that aids in understanding vaginal ecosystem regulation. Results Compared to targeted 16S rRNA V4 sequencing, whole genome shotgun (WGS) metagenomics offered greater species resolution of the cervicovaginal microbiome in the Afro-Caribbean women cohort. Community state type IV predominated in the microbiome of these women, with Prevotella (13.91%), Gardnerella (12.14%) and Lactobacillus (9.37%) being the three most abundant genera. For Prevotella and Lactobacillus the most abundant species-strains were P. timonensis DSM 22865 (5.0%) and L. iners DSM 13335 (7.0%), respectively. The less virulent strain of Gardnerella, G. vaginalis 409-05 (8.0%) was more abundant than G. vaginalis ATCC 14019 (4.0%). In the resistome, 2,753 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes consisting of 28 types (mostly tet and Emr; abundances 51% and 15%, respectively) which confer resistance to tetracyclines and the macrolide-lincosamide streptogramin B (MLSb phenotype) group were observed. Functional profiling showed a high abundance of biological processes (bacterial-type flagellum-dependent cell motility, cell adhesion, response to biotic stimulus and quorum sensing) associated with biofilm activity. Conclusions Characterized for the first time, the cervicovaginal microbiome in Afro-Caribbean women is predominantly CST IV with the three most abundant taxa consisting of bacterial strains P. timonensis DSM 22865, G. vaginalis 409-05 and L. iners DSM 13335. Its resistome had multiple AMR genes that confer resistance to antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and bacterial vaginosis (BV). In this study, the occurrence of biofilm activity within the cervicovaginal microbiome suggested a possible regulatory role. We present a conceptual immuno-munibiome model that advances a mechanistic approach for the structure and regulation of the vaginal ecosystem in the Afro-Caribbean women cohort.

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Infection of Mother and Baby

George

Jeffery

Lahra

2022

Keeling's Fetal and Neonatal Pathology

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Vaginal Microbiota Composition Correlates Between Pap Smear Microscopy and Next Generation Sequencing and Associates to Socioeconomic Status

Cited by 40 publications

References 61 publications

Vaginal microbiota evaluation and prevalence of key pathogens in ecuadorian women: an epidemiologic analysis

Vaginal microbiota evaluation and prevalence of key pathogens in ecuadorian women: an epidemiologic analysis

Structure and regulation of the cervicovaginal microbiome in a cohort of Afro-Caribbean women

Infection of Mother and Baby

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