“…CT scans, particularly three-dimensional CT (3D-CT), is considered the gold standard as it effectively controls confounding factors, mainly pelvic position and X-ray projection direction [ [1] , [2] , [3] ]. However, anteroposterior pelvic radiographs continue to be favored due to their notable advantages of lower radiation exposure and greater convenience [ 4 , 5 ]. Previous studies have highlighted reliability issues in using X-rays for the assessment of acetabular cup orientation, and it is generally believed that measurements of cup inclination are reliable, while assessments of cup anteversion are less dependable due to those confounding factors [ 6 ].…”