Validation of diagnostic tests for depressive disorder in drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy

Depression screening tools in persons with epilepsy: A systematic review of validated tools

“…The 38 studies identified were published between 1998 and 2016 in 20 countries (Appendix S4); 34 were published in English, 3 in Portuguese, and one in German . All studies included male and female participants, and sample sizes ranged from 44 to 575 (median 143).…”

“…All studies included male and female participants, and sample sizes ranged from 44 to 575 (median 143). Twenty‐seven studies examined participants ≥18 years old, seven studies >16 years old, and only one study examined youth (10–17 years old) . In three studies it was inferred from the reported mean and median ages that these participants were adults .…”

“…A number of studies did more than one validation for each tool (i.e., against different reference standards), or validated different versions of a screening tool. The most commonly validated screening tools were the NDDI‐E (n = 26 validations), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; n = 12 validations, including the modified BDI, BDI‐Fast Screen, BDI‐I, BDI‐II, and the Cognitive Affective Subscale for the BDI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS; n = 10 validations, including the HADS total score, HADS‐Depression [HADS‐D] Score, and one study used the HADS‐Anxiety [HADS‐A] score to assess depression), Emotional Thermometers (ETs; n = 5 validations, including the ET7, ET4, and individual questions on anxiety and depression), Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ‐9; n = 4 validations), Patient Health Questionnaire 2 (PHQ‐2; n = 2 validations), and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM‐D or HRSD; n = 4 validations, including the HRSD 17 and 21 question versions). The NDDI‐E was validated in 13 languages including Arabic, Chinese, Danish, English, French, German, Greek, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish, and Serbian …”

“…The various gold and/or reference standards used to validate the screening tools were the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI; multiple versions in different languages, n = 19 validations, including the MINI, MINI‐Plus, MINI 5.0.0, and MINI 6.0.0), undifferentiated structured or semi‐structured psychiatric/psychology interviews including expert opinions based on psychiatric consultation (n = 10 validations), Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI; n = 1 validation), Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children‐ Present (K‐SADS‐P; n = 1 validation), and Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition and Fourth Edition‐Text Revision (SCID DSM‐IV and IV‐TR; n = 3 validations). The BDI (n = 2 validations) and the Major Depression Inventory (MDI; n = 3 validations) were also used as reference standards.…”

“…Specifically, it was unclear if the screening tool was interpreted without knowledge of the reference standard results. Nineteen studies were in the low risk of bias in all categories …”