“…20,21 More recently, hand motion has been objectively tracked using either optical or electromagnetic devices in laparoscopic, robotic, and open surgery, and also for assessment of IV insertion and sonography procedures. [14][15][16]19 Efficiency and economy of motion quantified by task completion time, path length, and number of movements/direction changes correlated with the level of expertise. 15,18,19,22,23 The aim of this study was to evaluate a surgical trainer that mimics spreader graft placement using fresh porcine cartilage tissue and electromagnetic motion tracking as objective outcome measures.…”