Validation of screening instruments for neuroepidemiological surveys of tic disorders

Cubo, Esther; Velasco, Sara Sáez; Benito, Vanesa Delgado; Villaverde, Vanesa Ausín; Galán, José María Trejo Gabriel y; Santidrián, Asunción Martín; Vicente, Jesús Macarrón; Guevara, José Cordero; Louis, Elan D.; Benito‐León, Julián

doi:10.1002/mds.23460

Cited by 36 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In previous validation studies, A‐TAC has shown good test–retest measures, excellent inter‐rater reliability, and construct validity 48, 49, 50, as well as convergent validity with the Child Behaviour Check List 51. ADHD traits were calculated as the sum of scores of both the inattention and hyperactivity–impulsivity scales, yielding between 0 and 19 points.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subthreshold and threshold attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in childhood: psychosocial outcomes in adolescence in boys and girls

Selinus

Molero

Lichtenstein

et al. 2016

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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ObjectiveTo examine the association between different levels of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and sex differences in psychosocial outcomes during adolescence.MethodSwedish children (n = 4635) were screened for neuropsychiatric symptoms at age 9 or 12. ADHD symptoms were divided into three levels: screen‐negative, screen‐intermediate, and screen‐positive. At follow‐up (age 15), parents and teenagers filled out questionnaires regarding (i) hyperactivity/inattention, (ii) peer problems, (iii) school problems, (iv) internalizing problems, (v) antisocial behaviour, (vi) alcohol misuse, and (vii) drug misuse. All outcomes were controlled for symptoms of diagnostic categories other than ADHD.ResultsIncreasing levels of ADHD symptoms in childhood were associated with higher proportions of adolescents who displayed negative psychosocial outcomes. More girls than boys reported internalizing problems (all levels) and risky drug use (screen‐intermediate and screen‐positive only). More boys reported antisocial behaviour at the screen‐negative and screen‐intermediate levels, but at the screen‐positive level, similar proportions of girls and boys displayed antisocial behaviour.ConclusionThe findings support the view that ADHD symptoms, as well as their negative outcomes, are dimensionally distributed in the population and that adolescent girls and boys display different risk profiles. The findings confirm that ADHD symptoms are associated with higher risk of drug misuse in girls.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subthreshold and threshold attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in childhood: psychosocial outcomes in adolescence in boys and girls

Selinus

Molero

Lichtenstein

et al. 2016

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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“…Each participating child underwent a basic assessment that included demographic data (age, gender), a standardized tic screen [9] , and two spiral drawings. Thus, each participant was asked to draw two spirals, as described previously [10] .…”

Section: Study Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There have been no surveys of the prevalence of mild action tremor in children. A cross-sectional study of tics and other neurological disorders was conducted in Spanish children [9] , and we used this opportunity to study tremor in more than 800 randomly selected schoolchildren in the community of Burgos, Spain. Each child drew spirals with each hand, and tremor was systematically quantified using a clinical rating scale.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tremor in School-Aged Children: A Cross-Sectional Study of Tremor in 819 Boys and Girls in Burgos, Spain

et al. 2011

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Background: Mild hand tremor occurs in most normal adults. There are no surveys of the prevalence or clinical correlates of such tremor among children. Methods: A cross-sectional study of tics, tremor and other neurological disorders was conducted in Spanish children; thus, 819 schoolchildren in Burgos, Spain, drew Archimedes spirals with each hand. Tremor in spirals was rated (0–2) by a blinded neurologist and an overall tremor rating (0–4) was assigned. Results: The mean age was 10.9 ± 3.1 years. A tremor rating of 1 (mild tremor) was present in either hand in 424 (51.7%) children, and in both hands in 88 (10.7%) children. Higher tremor ratings were very uncommon. The overall tremor rating was higher in boys than girls (1.31 ± 0.41 vs. 1.22 ± 0.34, p = 0.002) and correlated weakly yet significantly with age (ρ = 0.09, p = 0.01). Within subjects, the left hand spiral rating was greater than the right (p < 0.001). Conclusions: In this cross-sectional study of 819 Spanish schoolchildren, mild tremor was commonly observed. As in adults, males had more tremor than females, tremor scores increased with age, and tremor scores were higher in the left than right arm, demonstrating that these clinical correlations seem to be more broadly generalizable to children. The functional significance of tremor in children, particularly as it relates to handwriting proficiency, deserves additional scrutiny.

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“…Based on our previous reliability analysis for 37 teenagers with TD [9], the intra-rater reliability of the telephone-based interview vs. in-person neurological interview for TD has shown a kappa coefficient of 0.83. A historical diagnosis of TD was made if all essential criteria of tics were fulfilled, including the presence of repetitive movements or vocalizations, preceded by urge and followed by relief, fluctuating in severity and variety over time, not due to medicine/drug administration or any medical condition [9]. If some of the essential criteria were not fulfilled, a diagnosis of possible TD was established.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was a cross-sectional study of a cohort of 1,867 mainstream schoolchildren (mean age 10.9 ± 2.9 years; 53.9% males). The methodology has been extensively described elsewhere [8,9] (online suppl. file).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association of Poor Academic Performance with Tic Disorders: A Longitudinal, Mainstream School-Based Population Study

Cubo¹,

González²,

Ausín³

et al. 2017

Neuroepidemiology

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Background: Little is known about the academic performance of students with tic disorders (TD). Our aim was to investigate the association of TD and poor academic performance over time. Methods: Longitudinal, observational study of mainstream schoolchildren comparing grade retention (GR) and learning disorders (LD) in students with vs. without TD between 2010 and 2014. Students with vs. without TD based on DSM-IV-TR criteria, or with vs. without GR and LD were compared in terms of comorbidities, school, and environmental characteristics. The association of TD with GR was analyzed using hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs, and with LD using logistic regression analysis [Odds ratio (OR)]. Results: Two hundred fifty-eight students were included (mean age 14.0 ± 1.71 years, 143 [55.4%] males). The incident rate for TD and GR was 2.6 and 3.3 per 100 persons-year, respectively. LD found in 21 (9.9%) students was associated with TD (OR 11.62, 95% CI 2.21-60.90, p = 0.004), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; OR 6.63, 95% CI 1.55-28.37, p = 0.01). Low psychological support (HRs 12.79, 95% CI 3.39-48.17) and low sport participation (HRs 6.41, 95% CI 1.54-26.78) were risk factors for GR. Conclusions: TD was associated with academic difficulties, namely, LD in conjunction with ADHD but not GR. The diagnosis of TD and comorbidities, and the initiation of proper treatment could have a favorable impact on school performance, and consequently on social development.

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Validation of screening instruments for neuroepidemiological surveys of tic disorders

Abstract: The efficiency of different screening instruments for tic disorders seems to vary in different settings. Telephone-based interviews may be a valid and convenient backup to ascertain the diagnosis of tic disorders when face-to-face neurological examination is not possible.

Cited by 36 publications

References 18 publications

Subthreshold and threshold attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in childhood: psychosocial outcomes in adolescence in boys and girls

Subthreshold and threshold attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in childhood: psychosocial outcomes in adolescence in boys and girls

Tremor in School-Aged Children: A Cross-Sectional Study of Tremor in 819 Boys and Girls in Burgos, Spain

The Association of Poor Academic Performance with Tic Disorders: A Longitudinal, Mainstream School-Based Population Study

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