Validation of techniques for manufacturing macro-porous bio-ceramic scaffolds for biomedical purposes

Abstract

The use of bio-materials in medicine has intensified as new treatments are emerging. Among bio-materials, bio-ceramics have attracted attention due to their applications in regeneration, generation and formation of bone tissues. Calcium phosphates, more specifically hydroxyapatite, make up a large part of the composition of human bones and teeth. The bio-material is used mainly for the production of porous scaffolds to act as a bone graft. This work reviews techniques currently used for manufacturing scaffolds, and studies parameters of a technique called direct foaming to try to adapt the process for the production of hydroxyapatite scaffolds. Suspensions were produced with the aid of mechanical stirrer and ultrasonic stirrer to compare the dispersion produced. Results show the need to improve freeze casting techniques for biomedical applications. It was observed that 3D printing to produce scaffolds is adequate but can be optimized. The direct foaming method generated promising scaffolds, and it is possible to adapt the process to make parts of hydroxyapatite.