Validity and reliability of a Severity of Dependence Scale for khat (SDS-khat)

Kassim, Saba; Islam, Sharif; Croucher, Ray

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.09.009

Cited by 64 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(77 reference statements)

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“…Predictive validity was demonstrated in relation to the need for treatment amongst drug users (30). The bilingual (Arabic and English) version of the Severity of khat dependence (SDS-khat) (21) was used in this study, and a total score of 6 was used as a cutoff to examine differences between those who are unlikely to be psychologically dependent on khat (total SDS-khat score = 5 or lower) and those who are likely to be khat dependent (total SDSkhat score = 6 or higher) (21). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) consists of 19 questions that evaluate qualitative and quantitative dimensions of sleep disturbances (31).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Withdrawal symptoms after prolonged khat use are mild and may consist of lethargy, mild depression, slight trembling and recurrent nightmares (3,18). There is also evidence to indicate that khat users can develop a psychological dependence to khat (19,20) and a valid measure of khat dependence has been developed (21). Studies have found positive associations between khat dependence and khat-related biological measures (22), psychological and physical symptoms (23) and health problems (24).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Level of khat dependence, use patterns, and psychological correlates in Yemen: a cross-sectional investigation

Nakajima¹,

Hoffman²,

Al’Absi³

2017

East Mediterr Health J

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Chronic khat use is associated with negative health consequences. However, no study has fully characterized individuals who are khat dependent. This paper examines socio-demographic and psychosocial correlates of adult khat dependence. A total of 270 khat users (129 women) in Yemen completed face-to-face interviews and provided demographic information and data on patterns of khat use, subjective mood, and sleep quality. The Severity of Dependence Scale-Khat (SDS-khat) was used to assess level of khat dependence. A series of analysis of variance was conducted. Khat users, on average, used khat for 5.2 hours a day (SD = 2.3) for 5.7 days a week (SD = 2.0). Individuals who screened positive for khat dependence reported longer duration of khat sessions per day, higher frequency of khat use per week, greater levels of negative mood and sleep disturbances, and were more likely to endorse physical symptoms after khat use (P < 0.05). Future research should elucidate mechanisms responsible for khat dependence symptomatology. Niveau de dépendance au khat, modes de consommation, et corrélats psychosociaux au Yémen : enquête transversaleRÉSUMÉ La consommation chronique de khat est associée à des conséquences néfastes sur le plan de la santé. Cependant, aucune étude n'a permis une caractérisation complète des individus dépendants au khat. Le présent article se penche sur les corrélats socio-démographiques et psychosociaux de la dépendance au khat chez l'adulte. Au total, 270 consommateurs de khat (129 femmes) au Yémen se sont soumis à des entretiens en face à face et ont fourni des informations démographiques et des données sur les modes de consommation, l'humeur subjective et la qualité du sommeil. L'Échelle de la sévérité de la dépendance pour le khat a été utilisée pour évaluer le niveau de dépendance à cette substance. Une série d'analyses de variance a été réalisée. Les utilisateurs de khat en consommaient, en moyenne, pendant 5,2 heures par jour (ET = 2,3) 5,7 jours par semaine (ET = 2,0). Les individus dépistés positifs pour la dépendance au khat signalaient des séances de consommation de khat de durée plus longue par jour, une fréquence plus élevée de consommation par semaine, des niveaux plus importants d'humeur négative et de troubles du sommeil, et étaient davantage susceptibles de ressentir des symptômes physiques après en avoir consommé (p < 0,05). La recherche future devrait s'efforcer de déterminer les mécanismes responsables de la symptomatologie de la dépendance au khat.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Level of khat dependence, use patterns, and psychological correlates in Yemen: a cross-sectional investigation

Nakajima¹,

Hoffman²,

Al’Absi³

2017

East Mediterr Health J

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“…Recruitment and sample selection have been previously reported (Kassim & Croucher, 2010). This study involves a subsample (91regular cigarette smokers) of randomly recruited residents Yemeni khat chewers.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Levels (high and low) of cigarette dependence were measured using FTCD (Heatherton et al, 1991) as well as different levels of cigarette dependence (very low, low and medium) (Fagerstrom & Kozlowski, 1990). We also used SDS-Khat (Kassim & Croucher, 2010) to assess participants' severity of dependency on khat chewing. Adaptation/translation of the scale (FTCD) was carried out before the pilot study following the process of adaptation proposed by Hunt & Bhopal (2004).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validity and Reliability of the Fagerstrom Test for Cigarette Dependence in a Sample of Arabic Speaking UK-Resident Yemeni Khat Chewers

Kassim

Salam²,

Croucher³

2012

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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“…The potential to induce psychological dependence is confirmed by a number of recent studies, using a version of the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) that has been adapted and validated for the study of khat dependence (25,26). It has been shown that khat chewers scoring high on this instrument show more khat-related behaviours and have higher khat alkaloid levels in their saliva (27).…”

Section: Adverse Effects Of Khat Use Dependencementioning

confidence: 96%

Khat use and related addiction, mental health an physical disorders: the need to address a growing risk

Odenwald

Al’Absi

2017

East Mediterr Health J

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Khat use is a drug problem characteristic of the Eastern Mediterranean Region, which is a widespread culturally accepted practice in some countries and is becoming more prevalent in others. Although limited use may not be accompanied by serious consequences, prolonged exposure could lead to dependence, psychosis and other psychiatric disorders and physical conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular complications, sexual dysfunction, hepatoxicity and reduced birth weight of infants born to khat-chewing mothers. The widespread use and its burden on health and economy has raised concerns in the Region, although the extent of the problem is not well assessed. Additionally, most countries do not have a clear policy and plan with regard to khat use, and therefore there is hardly any structured prevention and treatment plan in place to respond to the problem. This review presents a picture of the extent of the problem, elaborates on related existing research initiatives and international treaties, policies and health service provisions, and outlines best policy and programme interventions in khat-use countries.Consommation de khat, dépendance, affections de santé mentale et troubles physiques associés : nécessité de s'attaquer à un risque croissant RÉSUMÉ La consommation de khat est un problème de toxicomanie caractéristique de la Région de la Méditerranée orientale. Elle constitue une pratique largement acceptée au plan culturel dans certains pays et devient de plus en plus prévalente dans d'autres. Bien qu'une consommation limitée ne s'accompagne pas de conséquences graves, une exposition prolongée peut conduire à la dépendance, à la psychose et à d'autres troubles psychiatriques, ainsi qu'à des états pathologiques physiques telles que l'hypertension, des complications cardio-vasculaires, un dysfonctionnement sexuel, une hépatotoxicité et une réduction du poids à la naissance pour les enfants nés de mères consommatrices de khat. L'utilisation répandue du khat et la charge qu'elle exerce sur la santé et l'économie suscitent des inquiétudes dans la Région, bien que l'étendue du problème ne soit pas parfaitement estimée. En outre, la plupart des pays ne disposent pas de politiques et de plans clairs concernant la consommation de khat. Il n'y a donc pour ainsi dire quasiment aucun plan de prévention et de traitement structuré en place pour répondre à ce problème. La présente analyse donne un aperçu de l'étendue du problème, détaille les initiatives de recherche et les traités internationaux existants sur la question, les politiques et les prestations de services, et définit les meilleurs politiques et programmes d'intervention dans les pays où la consommation de khat existe. ‫املتوسط‬ ‫لرشق‬ ‫الصحية‬ ‫املجلة‬ ‫العرشون‬ ‫و‬ ‫الثالث‬ ‫املجلد‬ ‫الثالث‬ ‫العدد‬ 237

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Validity and reliability of a Severity of Dependence Scale for khat (SDS-khat)

Abstract: In this sample of Yemeni khat chewers the SDS-khat is recommended as a valid and reliable research tool for measuring psychological dependence upon khat. Further validation in other samples is indicated.

Cited by 64 publications

References 60 publications

Level of khat dependence, use patterns, and psychological correlates in Yemen: a cross-sectional investigation

Level of khat dependence, use patterns, and psychological correlates in Yemen: a cross-sectional investigation

Validity and Reliability of the Fagerstrom Test for Cigarette Dependence in a Sample of Arabic Speaking UK-Resident Yemeni Khat Chewers

Khat use and related addiction, mental health an physical disorders: the need to address a growing risk

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