Validity and reliability of the Urdu version of the Hospital Anxiety &amp; Depression Scale for assessing antenatal anxiety and depression in Pakistan

Waqas, Ahmed; Aedma, Kapil Kiran; Tariq, Maryam; Meraj, Hafsa; Sattar, Naveed

doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2019.08.008

Cited by 26 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…This irregularity of items' distribution and low correlation were observed in the Karimova and Martin 31 study and suggests an unsatisfactory model and could be attributed to the impact of biological changes occurring during pregnancy on the perception of emotional components of the HADS. The explained variance of the HADS/UV is 42.75%, which is quite similar to Waqas et al 12 and a bit far from the Watrowski and Rohde 20 finding in the same population.…”

Section: Main Findingssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…The original research of HADS tested its psychometric soundness on a group of hospitalised patients who suffered from different diseases. The scale is proven to be valid and reliable for other groups of patients as well: for oncology, 21 22 HIV-infected patients, 23 hospitalised elderly, 24 gynaecology patients, 12 14 patients with coronary artery diseases, 25 patients in the emergency department 26 and among patients in primary healthcare. 27 In turn, our study contributes to the body of knowledge about irregularities of psychometric findings of HADS noticed in the literature 28 when it is applied on patients with chronic diseases to others who suffer from physiological changes during pregnancy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7 8 In South Asia, HADS has been translated into Urdu, Malayalam, Nepali, Punjabi and Pushtoo. [9][10][11][12][13][14] The HADS has been used extensively in the recent past to assess anxiety and depression among pregnant women. However, it focused on women with complicated pregnancies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, only one study from Lahore, Pakistan, among prenatal and perinatal women validated the Urdu version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS/UV). 12 Given the high burden of mental disorders among pregnant women and the scarcity of literature about validity and reliability of screening tool in the local context, we aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the HADS among pregnant women in the Abbottabad province, Pakistan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychometric properties of the Urdu version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) among pregnant women in Abbottabad, Pakistan

Lodhi

Elsous²,

Irum

et al. 2020

Gen Psych

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BackgroundThe Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a widely used instrument to measure anxiety and depression symptoms.AimsThis study aimed to translate, validate and test the applicability of the Urdu version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS/UV) among pregnant women.MethodsThe original English version of the HADS was translated into Urdu by three bilingual experts and retranslated to English using the forward–backward approach. The questionnaire was administered to a sample of 200 pregnant women availing obstetrics and gynaecology services for routine prenatal check-ups of Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad, Pakistan. Psychometric properties of the instrument, including reliability (internal consistency, test–retest analysis and interitems correlation), were tested. Face and content validity were also assessed. Content Validity Index (CVI) was determined using the average approach and Item-Level Content Validity Index (I-CVI) and Scale-Level Content Validity Index (S-CVI) were calculated accordingly. Construct validity was examined through exploratory factor analysis.ResultsCronbach’s alpha coefficient has been found to be 0.82 for the anxiety subscale and 0.64 for the depression subscale, while overall alpha of the HADS/UV is 0.84. The Urdu version is content valid, and the S-CVI of anxiety subscale, depression subscale and HADS/UV are 0.947, 948 and 0.947, respectively. Test–retest reliability is 0.884 and 0.934 as measured by Pearson correlation and intraclass correlation, respectively. HADS/UV items correlated positively with the whole scale (p<0.001). Factor analysis with varimax rotation revealed that two factors explained 42.75% of the variance. Items’ distribution was quite similar to the original HADS.ConclusionThe HADS/UV is a psychometrically sound instrument with satisfactory measurement, including good internal consistency. The instrument shows promise to be a sound tool to assess anxiety and depression in pregnancy.

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Section: Main Findingssupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Psychometric properties of the Urdu version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) among pregnant women in Abbottabad, Pakistan

Lodhi

Elsous²,

Irum

et al. 2020

Gen Psych

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COVID-19 Fear Among Pakistanis: Psychometric Evaluation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale Using Item Response Theory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Ullah

Tahir

Ali

et al. 2021

Int J Ment Health Addiction

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The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) assesses the fear of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and has been translated and validated into over 20 languages. The present study conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and item response theory (IRT) analyses on the FCV-19S among a sample of 937 Pakistani adults (mean [SD] age of 25.83 [11.80] years; 537 [57.3%] females). The CFA and IRT confirmed the unidimensionality of the FCV-19S. The Likert-type scale used in the FCV-19S was supported by the proper threshold orderings. Additionally, no DIF contrast had an absolute value larger than 0.5 regarding the participants’ characteristics of gender, age, living status, and education in the IRT findings. The FCV-19S was found to be valid and reliable with strong psychometric properties among the Pakistani adult population.

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Prevalence of depression and anxiety among general population in Pakistan during COVID-19 lockdown: An online-survey

et al. 2022

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The present study's aim is to find the prevalence of two of the common indicators of mental health - depression and anxiety – and any correlation with socio-demographic indicators in the Pakistani population during the lockdown from 5 May to 25 July 2020. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using an online questionnaire sent to volunteer participants. A total of 1047 participants over 18 were recruited through convenience sampling. The survey targeted depression and anxiety levels, which were measured using a 14 item self-reporting Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Out of the total sample population (N=354), 39.9% suffered from depression and 57.7% from anxiety. Binary logistical regressions indicated significant predictive associations of gender (OR=1.410), education (OR=9.311), residence (OR=0.370), household income (OR=0.579), previous psychiatric problems (OR=1.671), and previous psychiatric medication (OR=2.641). These were the key factors e associated with a significant increase in depression. Increases in anxiety levels were significantly linked to gender (OR=2.427), residence (OR=0.619), previous psychiatric problems (OR=1.166), and previous psychiatric medication (OR=7.330). These results suggest depression and anxiety were prevalent among the Pakistani population during the lockdown. Along with other measures to contain the spread of COVID-19, citizens' mental health needs the Pakistani government's urgent attention as well as that of mental health experts. Further large-scale, such as healthcare practitioners, should be undertaken to identify other mental health indicators that need to be monitored.

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Validity and reliability of the Urdu version of the Hospital Anxiety & Depression Scale for assessing antenatal anxiety and depression in Pakistan

Cited by 26 publications

References 32 publications

Psychometric properties of the Urdu version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) among pregnant women in Abbottabad, Pakistan

Psychometric properties of the Urdu version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) among pregnant women in Abbottabad, Pakistan

COVID-19 Fear Among Pakistanis: Psychometric Evaluation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale Using Item Response Theory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Prevalence of depression and anxiety among general population in Pakistan during COVID-19 lockdown: An online-survey

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