Validity, Reliability, and Differential Item Functioning of English and French Versions of the 10‐Item Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale in Systemic Sclerosis: A Scleroderma Patient‐Centered Intervention Network Cohort Study

Abstract

ObjectiveSome individuals with systemic sclerosis (SSc) report positive mental health, despite severe disease manifestations, which may be associated with resilience, but no resilience measure has been validated in SSc. This study was undertaken to assess the validity, reliability, and differential item functioning (DIF) between English‐ and French‐language versions of the 10‐item Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale (CD‐RISC‐10) in SSc.MethodsEligible participants were enrolled in the Scleroderma Patient‐centered Intervention Network Cohort and completed the CD‐RISC‐10 between August 2022 and January 2023. We used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to evaluate the CD‐RISC‐10 factor structure and conducted DIF analysis across languages with Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes models. We tested convergent validity with another measure of resilience and measures of self‐esteem and depression and anxiety symptoms. We assessed internal consistency and test–retest reliability using Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).ResultsA total of 962 participants were included in this analysis. CFA supported a single‐factor structure (Tucker–Lewis index = 0.99, comparative fit index = 0.99, root mean square error of approximation = 0.08 [90% confidence interval (90% CI) 0.07, 0.09]). We found no meaningful DIF. Internal consistency was high (α = 0.93 [95% CI 0.92, 0.94]), and we found that correlations with other measures of psychological functioning were moderate to large (|r| = 0.57–0.78) and confirmed study hypotheses. The scale showed good 1–2‐week test–retest reliability (ICC 0.80 [95% CI 0.75, 0.85]) in a subsample of 230 participants.ConclusionThe CD‐RISC‐10 is a valid and reliable measure of resilience in SSc, with score comparability across English and French versions.image

Psychometric Properties of the Greek Version of the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10) in a Sample of Nurses

“…The results of our CFA are consistent with the findings of other studies confirming the single-factor model of the tool. Numerous studies support our finding that the CD-RISC-10 is a unidimensional tool for measuring resilience [ 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ]. Our study investigated, for the first time, the validity of the CD-RISC-10 using a sample of nurses.…”

“…Furthermore, the single-factor model of the CD-RISC-10 is strongly supported since it has been found in studies on different countries (e.g., the USA, the UK, China, France, Spain, Iran, and Nigeria) with different study populations (e.g., healthy individuals, chronic patients, young adults, and older adults). Additionally, a considerable number of studies have suggested that CD-RISC-10 has good convergent criteria and divergent validity when using a variety of tools measuring social support, self-efficacy, self-esteem, mastery, mental health, depression, and anxiety [ 50 , 51 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ]. For instance, Neyer et al found a strong positive correlation (r = 0.78) between CD-RISC-10 and another tool that measures resilience, namely, the 14-item Resilience Scale [ 55 ].…”

“…Additionally, a considerable number of studies have suggested that CD-RISC-10 has good convergent criteria and divergent validity when using a variety of tools measuring social support, self-efficacy, self-esteem, mastery, mental health, depression, and anxiety [ 50 , 51 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ]. For instance, Neyer et al found a strong positive correlation (r = 0.78) between CD-RISC-10 and another tool that measures resilience, namely, the 14-item Resilience Scale [ 55 ]. Moreover, several studies have shown the excellent internal consistency and reliability of the CD-RISC-10 by calculating Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and performing test–retest reliability analysis [ 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ].…”

“…For instance, Neyer et al found a strong positive correlation (r = 0.78) between CD-RISC-10 and another tool that measures resilience, namely, the 14-item Resilience Scale [ 55 ]. Moreover, several studies have shown the excellent internal consistency and reliability of the CD-RISC-10 by calculating Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and performing test–retest reliability analysis [ 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ]. In particular, the corresponding Cronbach’s alpha coefficient ranged from 0.880 to 0.930.…”

“…In particular, the corresponding Cronbach’s alpha coefficient ranged from 0.880 to 0.930. Also, the intraclass correlation coefficients in the test–retest reliability analysis ranged from 0.800 to 0.900 [ 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ]. In conclusion, the CD-RISC-10 has superior psychometric properties, and some scholars have suggested replacing the CD-RISC-25 with the CD-RISC-10 to measure resilience [ 49 , 51 , 53 ].…”